ArticleVeterinary research2016
A formalin-inactivated immunogen against viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): immunological and protection effects.
Article in Veterinary research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- The multifaceted challenge of viral nervous necrosis in fish farming: a review of current knowledge and control.Veterinary research communications · 2026Review
- Integrated functional genomic analysis identifies regulatory variants underlying a major QTL for disease resistance in European sea bass.BMC biology · 2025Article
- An in-depth characterisation of European seabass intestinal segments for assessing the impact of an algae-based functional diet on intestinal health.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
- Integrated Management Strategies for Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) Disease Control in Marine Fish Farming in the Mediterranean.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- A review on the recent advances and application of vaccines against fish pathogens in aquaculture.Aquaculture international : journal of the European Aquaculture Society · 2022Review
- Update on the Inactivation Procedures for the Vaccine Development Prospects of a New Highly Virulent RGNNV Isolate.Vaccines · 2021Article
- Efficacy of heat-killed and formalin-killed vaccines against Tilapia tilapinevirus in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).Journal of fish diseases · 2021Article
- Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Article
- Long-Term Protection and Serologic Response of European Sea Bass Vaccinated with a Betanodavirus Virus-Like Particle Produced inVaccines · 2021Article
- Molecular and cellular characterization of European sea bass CD3εCell and tissue research · 2021Article
- Resistance to viral nervous necrosis in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): heritability and relationships with body weight, cortisol concentration, and antibody titer.Genetics, selection, evolution : GSE · 2021Article
- State-of-the-Art Vaccine Research for Aquaculture Use: The Case of Three Economically Relevant Fish Species.Vaccines · 2021Review
- Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019.Microorganisms · 2019Review
- Risk factors of a viral nervous necrosis disease in grouper (Veterinary world · 2018Article
- Effects of different cytokines on immune responses of rainbow trout in a virus DNA vaccination model.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- Viral nervous necrosis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) caused by reassortant betanodavirus RGNNV/SJNNV: an emerging threat for Mediterranean aquaculture.Scientific reports · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is an important farmed fish species in the Mediterranean area, very sensitive to the infection by encephalopathy and retinopathy virus (VERv), or Betanodavirus, which causes massive mortalities. Effective vaccines to fight the pathology are not yet available and in this work we describe a promising intraperitoneal immunization route against VERv of sea bass juveniles. We performed intraperitoneal and immersion immunization trials with a VERv (isolate 283.2009 RGNNV) inactivated by formalin, β-propiolactone and heat treatment. Interestingly, the intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv induced a significant antigen-specific IgM production, differently from other inactivation protocols. However, the same formalin-inactivated antigen resulted in very low IgM antibodies when administered by immersion. Following the intraperitoneal injection with formalin-inactivated virus, the quantitative expression of the antiviral MxA gene showed a modulation of transcripts in the gut after 48 h and on head kidney after 24 h, whereas ISG12 gene was significantly up-regulated after 48 h on both tissues. In immersion immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv, a modulation of MxA and ISG12 genes after 24 h post-treatment was detected in the gills. An effective uptake of VERv particles in the gills was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using anti-VERv antibodies. Lastly, in challenge experiments using live VERv after intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv, we observed a significant increase (81.9%) in relative survival percentage with respect to non-immunized fish, whereas immersion immunization resulted in no protection. Our results suggest that intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv could be a safe and effective strategy to fight Betanodavirus infection in European sea bass.
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