ArticleBMC infectious diseases2016
What are the factors driving antimicrobial resistance? Perspectives from a public event in London, England.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04848883 (Infectious Diseases Experts as Part of the Antibiotic Stewardship Team in Primary Care), which is not on this map. Cited by 64 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Infectious Diseases Experts as Part of the Antibiotic Stewardship Team in Primary Care: a Cluster-randomised Blinded Study (IDASP)
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Access to Essential Medicines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitators.International journal of public health · 2026Pooled it
- Burden of multidrug-resistant bacteria among HIV-positive individuals in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Contributions and Challenges of High Throughput qPCR for Determining Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment: A Critical Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Pooled it
- Investigating the impact of poverty on colonization and infection with drug-resistant organisms in humans: a systematic review.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2018Pooled it
- Beyond Antibiotics: One Health Education for Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Building behaviour change systems for antimicrobial resistance response in Nigeria by leveraging insights from mass gatherings awareness efforts (2017-2023).Mass gathering medicine (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Development of the antimicrobial resistance burden score through a modified eDelphi.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2026Article
- Article
- Implementing a multimodal antimicrobial stewardship programme in primary care in Kosova-a protocol for implementation and evaluation.Implementation science communications · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated risk factors of bacterial isolate among urinary tract infection suspected patients at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital North west Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Leveraging Implementation Science for Effective Antimicrobial Resistance Education and Awareness in the WHO AFRO Region.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Implementation status and challenges affecting antimicrobial stewardship programmes in private hospitals in Kampala, Uganda: Insights from a cross-sectional descriptive survey.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Gut microbiome features and resistome elements associated with colonization and infection with antibiotic-resistance threats.Gut microbes reports · 2025Article
- Utilization of machine learning to predict antibiotic resistant event outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia patients undergoing induction chemotherapy.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- The biological functions ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Attitudes and practices for antibiotic prescription and antimicrobial resistance among general physicians -Findings from a multi-country survey.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns ofScience in One Health · 2025Article
- Focused Insights into Liposomal Nanotherapeutics for Antimicrobial Treatment.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Social determinants of self-medication with leftover antibiotics in Lebanese households: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Behavioral Nudges to Encourage Appropriate Antimicrobial Use Among Health Professionals in Uganda.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance is driven by multiple factors. Resolving the threat to human and animal health presented by drug-resistant infections remains a societal challenge that demands close collaboration between scientists and citizens. We compared current public views about key contributing factors to antimicrobial resistance with those expressed by experts.
methodsOverarching factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance were identified following a review of literature. The factors were then described in plain language and attached to ballot boxes at a public engagement event organised by a university. Responses to each factor were counted at the end of the event.
resultsFour hundred five responses were received from 3750 visitors (11 % response rate). Nearly half of responses (192/405, 47 · 4 %) considered the misuse/overuse of antibiotics in humans as the main determinant of antimicrobial resistance. The misuse of antibiotics in animal health obtained 16 · 3 % (66/405) responses. However, the lack of quick tests to diagnose infections received 10/405 votes (2 · 47 %), and the lack of effective vaccines received one vote (0 · 25 %).
conclusionsThe majority of responses ascribed the emergence of drug-resistant infections to the misuse of antibiotics in human and animals. Suboptimal dosing, availability of diagnostics and environmental contamination were considered less influential on the development of antimicrobial resistance. The growing recognition of broader multifaceted drivers of drug resistance by experts is not yet echoed in the public mind.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.