ArticlePloS one2016
TGF-β1 Is Present at High Levels in Wound Fluid from Breast Cancer Patients Immediately Post-Surgery, and Is Not Increased by Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT).
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Postoperative wound microenvironment regulates breast cancer stem cell fate and clinical implications.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Immunological and Clinical Impacts of Targeted Intraoperative Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Quercetin targets TGFβ-primed human MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells, linking epithelial-mesenchymal transition to cell senescence and fibrosis.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Epigenetic memory of radiotherapy in dermal fibroblasts impairs wound repair capacity in cancer survivors.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Preventing Surgery-Induced NK Cell Dysfunction Using Anti-TGF-β Immunotherapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Wound fluid sampling methods for proteomic studies: A scoping review.Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2022Article
- Does Direct and Indirect Exposure to Ionising Radiation Influence the Metastatic Potential of Breast Cancer Cells.Cancers · 2020Review
- Transforming growth factor beta 1 levels predict echocardiographic changes at three years after adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2019Article
- Cytokine Modulation in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy: A Revision of the Most Recent Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Acute Toxicity and Early Oncological Outcomes After Intraoperative Electron Radiotherapy (IOERT) as Boost Followed by Whole Breast Irradiation in 157 Early Stage Breast Cancer Patients-First Clinical Results From a Single Center.Frontiers in oncology · 2019Article
- Decreases in TGF-β1 and PDGF levels are associated with echocardiographic changes during adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2018Article
- TGFβ counteracts LYVE-1-mediated induction of lymphangiogenesis by small hyaluronan oligosaccharides.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In patients with low-risk breast cancer, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) during breast-conserving surgery is a novel and convenient treatment option for delivering a single high dose of irradiation directly to the tumour bed. However, edema and fibrosis can develop after surgery and radiotherapy, which can subsequently impair quality of life. TGF- β is a strong inducer of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA). TGF-β expression and HA metabolism can be modulated by irradiation experimentally, and are involved in edema and fibrosis. We therefore hypothesized that IORT may regulate these factors.Wound fluid (WF) draining from breast lumpectomy sites was collected and levels of TGF-β1 and HA were determined by ELISA. Proliferation and marker expression was analyzed in primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) treated with recombinant TGF-β or WF. Our results show that IORT does not change TGF-β1 or HA levels in wound fluid draining from breast lumpectomy sites, and does not lead to accumulation of sHA oligosaccharides. Nevertheless, concentrations of TGF-β1 were high in WF from patients regardless of IORT, at concentrations well above those associated with fibrosis and the suppression of LEC identity. Consistently, we found that TGF-β in WF is active and inhibits LEC proliferation. Furthermore, all three TGF-β isoforms inhibited LEC proliferation and suppressed LEC marker expression at pathophysiologically relevant concentrations. Given that TGF-β contributes to edema and plays a role in the regulation of LEC identity, we suggest that inhibition of TGF-β directly after surgery might prevent the development of side effects such as edema and fibrosis.
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