ArticleJournal of studies on alcohol and drugs2016
Prevalence and Correlates of Heroin-Methamphetamine Co-Injection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in San Diego, California, and Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico.
Article in Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Daily polysubstance use associated with HIV, HCV, and non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs: A latent class analysis using nationwide data.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Patient Trust in Healthcare Providers among People on Methadone Maintenance Treatment Using Methamphetamine in Vietnam.Substance use & misuse · 2026Article
- The evolving epidemiology of opioid use disorder: polysubstance use, drug supply transformation, and policy implications.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- WaSH insecurity and anxiety among people who inject drugs in the Tijuana-San Diego border region.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence of fentanyl in methamphetamine and cocaine samples collected by community-based drug checking services.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- The impact of methamphetamine use on medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment retention: a scoping review.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2023Article
- Trends in cocaine and crystal methamphetamine injection over time in a Canadian setting between 2008 and 2018.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Article
- Drug checking in the fentanyl era: Utilization and interest among people who inject drugs in San Diego, California.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- The motives and methods of methamphetamine and 'heroin' co-use in West Virginia.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
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- Racial/Ethnic and Geographic Trends in Combined Stimulant/Opioid Overdoses, 2007-2019.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Patterns of and Rationale for the Co-use of Methamphetamine and Opioids: Findings From Qualitative Interviews in New Mexico and Nevada.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Awareness of fentanyl exposure and the associated overdose risks among people who inject drugs in a Canadian setting.Drug and alcohol review · 2021Article
- Co-use of methamphetamine and opioids among people in treatment in Oregon: A qualitative examination of interrelated structural, community, and individual-level factors.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Article
- Hepatitis C virus infection and polysubstance use among young adult people who inject drugs in a rural county of New Mexico.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Increasing Heroin-Methamphetamine (Goofball) Use and Related Morbidity Among Seattle Area People Who Inject Drugs.The American journal on addictions · 2021Article
- Characterising the increasing prevalence of crystal methamphetamine use in Vancouver, Canada, from 2006-2017: A gender-based analysis.Drug and alcohol review · 2020Article
- Motivations for crystal methamphetamine-opioid co-injection/co-use amongst community-recruited people who inject drugs: a qualitative study.Harm reduction journal · 2020Article
- Construction and Analysis of Protein-Protein Interaction Network of Heroin Use Disorder.Scientific reports · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAlthough persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the western United States-Mexico border region are known to inject both heroin and methamphetamine, little is known about the prevalence and risks associated with co-injection of this depressant-stimulant combination (also known as "goofball" and "Mexican speedball").
methodBaseline data from parallel cohort studies of PWID conducted concurrently in San Diego, CA, and Tijuana, Mexico, were used to estimate the prevalence and identify correlates of heroin-methamphetamine co-injection. PWID older than 18 years of age who reported injecting illicit drugs in the past month (N = 1,311; 32.7% female) were recruited in San Diego (n = 576) and Tijuana (n = 735) and completed interviewer-administered questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify correlates of heroin-meth-amphetamine co-injection.
resultsThe prevalence of co-injection in the past 6 months was 39.9% overall and was higher in Tijuana (55.8%) than in San Diego (19.8%). In multivariable analyses adjusting for study cohort, distributive syringe sharing, purchasing syringes prefilled with drugs, finding it hard to get new syringes, reporting great or urgent need for treatment, and younger age were independently associated with co-injection. Past-6-month overdose was significantly associated with higher odds of co-injection in San Diego than in Tijuana.
conclusionsThese findings indicate that heroin-methamphetamine co-injection is more common in Tijuana than in San Diego, yet this practice was only associated with overdose in San Diego. Heroin-methamphetamine coinjection was also independently associated with HIV-associated injection risk behaviors. Overdose-prevention interventions should address co-injection of depressants and stimulants.
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