ArticleOncotarget2016
Race-related differences in antibody responses to the inactivated influenza vaccine are linked to distinct pre-vaccination gene expression profiles in blood.
Article in Oncotarget, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- B-Cell Immunophenotyping to Predict Vaccination Outcome in the Immunocompromised - A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Humoral and cellular immune response after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with sickle cell disease on hydroxyurea.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Immune Responses to Influenza Infection in Children.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A narrative review of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes and vaccine efficacy: strategizing pandemic preparedness in Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Article
- Development of a personalized digital biomarker of vaccine-associated reactogenicity using wearable sensors and digital twin technology.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Predictive signatures of immune response to vaccination and implications of the immune setpoint remodeling.mSphere · 2025Review
- B cell-extrinsic and intrinsic factors linked to early immune repletion after anti-CD20 therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis of African ancestry.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Cell-type deconvolution for bulk RNA-seq data using single-cell reference: a comparative analysis and recommendation guideline.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2024Article
- Wastewater Surveillance to Confirm Differences in Influenza A Infection between Michigan, USA, and Ontario, Canada, September 2022-March 2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Longitudinal study of immunity to SARS-CoV2 in ocrelizumab-treated MS patients up to 2 years after COVID-19 vaccination.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- Changes in depressive symptoms and antibody production following influenza vaccination in adolescents and adults.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Utility of accessible SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoassays in vaccinated adults with a history of advanced HIV infection.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Using the power of innate immunoprofiling to understand vaccine design, infection, and immunity.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
- Assessing the Presence of IgG Antibodies against Influenza Viruses in Neonates after Maternal Vaccination and Factors That May Affect the Transplacental Transfer.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Ancestry-based differences in the immune phenotype are associated with lupus activity.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Interseason waning of vaccine-induced hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and contributing factors to pre-existing humoral immunity against influenza in community-dwelling older adults 75 years and older.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- Ethnic differences in cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in UK healthcare workers: a cross-sectional analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We conducted a 5-year study analyzing antibody and B cell responses to the influenza A virus components of the inactivated influenza vaccine, trivalent (IIV3) or quadrivalent (IIV4) in younger (aged 35-45) and aged (≥65 years of age) Caucasian and African American individuals. Antibody titers to the two influenza A virus strains, distribution of circulating B cell subsets and the blood transcriptome were tested at baseline and after vaccination while expression of immunoregulatory markers on B cells were analyzed at baseline. African Americans mounted higher virus neutralizing and IgG antibody responses to the H1N1 component of IIV3 or 4 compared to Caucasians. African Americans had higher levels of circulating B cell subsets compared to Caucasians. Expression of two co-regulators, i.e., programmed death (PD)-1 and the B and T cell attenuator (BTLA) were differentially expressed in the two cohorts. Race-related differences were caused by samples from younger African Americans, while results obtained with samples of aged African Americans were similar to those of aged Caucasians. Gene expression profiling by Illumina arrays revealed highly significant differences in 1368 probes at baseline between Caucasians and African Americans although samples from both cohorts showed comparable changes in transcriptome following vaccination. Genes differently expressed between samples from African Americans and Caucasians regardless of age were enriched for myeloid genes, while the transcripts that differed in expression between younger African Americans and younger Caucasians were enriched for those specific for B-cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.