Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27586865›Full record

ArticleCardiovascular diabetology2016

Adequate vitamin D status is associated with the reduced odds of prevalent diabetic retinopathy in African Americans and Caucasians.

Amy E Millen, Michelle W Sahli, Jing Nie, Michael J LaMonte, Pamela L Lutsey, Barbara E K Klein, Julie A Mares, Kirstin J Meyers, Christopher A Andrews, Ronald Klein

Open access · goldAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
4.0field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. Vitamin D and Ocular Diseases: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022
    Pooled it
  5. Diet and risk of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review.European journal of epidemiology · 2018
    Pooled it
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  13. Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency and VDRFood science & nutrition · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.

Amy E MillenDepartment of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8001, USA. aemillen@buffalo.edu.
Michelle W SahliDepartment of Public Health and Health Sciences, School of Health Professions and Studies, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA.
Jing NieDepartment of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8001, USA.
Michael J LaMonteDepartment of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8001, USA.
Pamela L LutseyDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Barbara E K KleinDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Julie A MaresDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Kirstin J MeyersDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Christopher A AndrewsDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Ronald KleinDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
University of Wisconsin–Madison · USUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New York · USUniversity of Michigan–Ann Arbor · USUniversity of Michigan–Flint · USUniversity of Minnesota · US

Funding

TRAINING IN NUTRITIONT32DK007665 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI GUY E GROBLEWSKI, Chi- Liang Eric Yen · 1993 to 2026
$9.2M
Serum Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Biethnic ARIC CohortR01HL103706 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI LUTSEY, PAMELA L. · 2011 to 2014
$2.3M
The Role of Vitamin D in Retinal Diseases in AgingR01AG041776 · NIA · STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO · PI MILLEN, AMY ELIZABETH · 2012 to 2014
$1.2M
NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100005CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100005GNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100005INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100006CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100007CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100007INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100008CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100008INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100010CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100011CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100011INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100012CNHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL103706NIA NIH HHS R01 AG041776NIDDK NIH HHS T32 DK007665
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundVitamin D status has been hypothesized to protect against development of diabetic retinopathy via its anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest vitamin D favorably influences blood pressure and blood glucose control, strong risk factors for diabetic retinopathy. We examined the association between vitamin D status and prevalent diabetic retinopathy in participants with diabetes from a population-based cohort.

methodsAmong participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study with diabetes at visit 3 (1993-1995), 1339 (906 Caucasians, 433 African Americans) had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (25[OH]D) concentrations assessed at visit 2 (1989-1992) and nonmydriatic retinal photographs taken at visit 3. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed at visit 1 (1987-1989). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for diabetic retinopathy by categories of season-adjusted 25(OH)D (<30 [referent], 30-<50, 50-<75 and ≥75 nmol/L), by quartile of vitamin D intake (IU/day), and use of vitamin D or fish oil supplements (yes/no). P for trend was estimated using continuous 25(OH)D or vitamin D intake. ORs were adjusted for race, and duration of diabetes. We further adjusted for HBA1c and hypertension to examine if 25(OH)D influenced diabetic retinopathy via its effects on either glycemic control or blood pressure.

resultsORs (95 % CIs) for retinopathy, adjusted for race and duration, were 0.77 (0.45-1.32), 0.64 (0.37-1.10), and 0.39 (0.20-0.75), p for trend = 0.001, for participants with 25(OH)D of 30-<50, 50-<75, and ≥75 nmol/L, respectively. Further adjustment for hypertension minimally influenced results (data not show), but adjustment for HBA1c attenuated the OR among those with 25(OH)D ≥75 (0.47 [0.23-0.96], p for trend = 0.030). No statistically significant association was observed between vitamin D intake from foods or supplements and retinopathy.

conclusions25(OH)D concentrations ≥75 nmol/L were associated with lower odds of any retinopathy assessed 3 years later. We speculate this may be due in part to vitamin D's influence on blood glucose control.

Indexed as

Black or African AmericanDietary SupplementsWhite PeopleAgedBiomarkersCross-Sectional StudiesDiabetic RetinopathyFemaleHumansLogistic ModelsMaleMiddle AgedMultivariate AnalysisOdds RatioPrevalenceProspective Studies25-hydroxyvitamin DBiomarkersVitamin D25-hydroxy vitamin DCohort studiesDiabetic retinopathyEpidemiologyRetinal diseasesVitamin D

Identifiers

PMID27586865
PMCPMC5009647
OpenAlexW2514913646

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.