ArticlePediatric radiology2016
Size of testes, ovaries, uterus and breast buds by ultrasound in healthy full-term neonates ages 0-3 days.
Article in Pediatric radiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Liver, Spleen, and Kidney Size in Children as Measured by Ultrasound: A Systematic Review.Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Pediatric endocrine disorders: a review of intra-abdominal findings and appropriate imaging.Pediatric radiology · 2026Review
- Palpation vs Ultrasonography Assessments of Infant Breast Buds: Considerations for Minipuberty Studies.Pediatrics open science · 2026Article
- Ultrasound modalities and age-specific normative findings in pediatric and adolescent gynecology.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- Article
- A comparison of ultrasound-based testis volume with Prader orchidometry and stability of testis size relative to peers from birth to 28 weeks.Andrology · 2025Article
- Assessment of testicular volume in neonates in the tropical province of China.BMC pediatrics · 2023Article
- Parental factors that impact the ecology of human mammary development, milk secretion, and milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 1.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Sonographic evaluation of fetal scrotum, testes and epididymis.Obstetrics & gynecology science · 2021Article
- Reproductive Hormone Concentrations and Associated Anatomical Responses: Does Soy Formula Affect Minipuberty in Boys?The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Article
- Characterization of ovarian development in girls from birth to 9 months.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2021Article
- Plea for a standardized imaging approach to disorders of sex development in neonates: consensus proposal from European Society of Paediatric Radiology task force.Pediatric radiology · 2019Article
- A Longitudinal Study of Estrogen-Responsive Tissues and Hormone Concentrations in Infants Fed Soy Formula.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHormonally sensitive organs in the neonate can change size within days of birth as circulating maternal estrogen wanes. Although several reports document the size of these organs through infancy, few focus attention on the near-birth period. Clinical and research evaluation of hormonal and genitourinary disorders would benefit from reference size standards.
objectiveWe describe the size of the uterus, ovaries, testes and breast buds in healthy term neonates. MATERIALS AND
methodsAs part of the Infant Feeding and Early Development (IFED) study, we sonographically measured the largest diameter of these organs in sagittal, transverse and anterior-posterior planes for 194 female and 204 male newborns up to 3 days old. We calculated mean, median and percentiles for longest axis length and for volume calculated from measured diameters. We evaluated size differences by laterality, gender and race and compared our observations against published values.
resultsMean length and mean volume were as follows: uterus, 4.2 cm and 10.0 cm
conclusionUsing data from our large cohort together with published values, we provide guidelines for evaluating the size of reproductive organs within the first 3 days of age. Discrepancies between our results and published values are likely attributable to technique.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.