ArticleACS nano2016
Design of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers to Promote Immunological Tolerance.
Article in ACS nano, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrating molecular dynamics simulations to enable rational assembly of immune signals for immunotherapy.Nanoscale horizons · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory Nanomaterials: Design Strategies, Mechanisms, Biomedical Applications, and Future Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Multilayer Adjuvanted Influenza Protein Nanoparticles Improve Intranasal Delivery and Antigen-Specific Immunity.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Engineered Immune Constructs Alter Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance and Confer Durable Protection in Myelin-Driven Autoimmunity.ACS nano · 2024Article
- Cell and biomaterial delivery strategies to induce immune tolerance.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2023Review
- Nanomaterials for antigen-specific immune tolerance therapy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2023Review
- Harnessing Biomaterials to Study and Direct Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy.ACS applied bio materials · 2023Review
- Tuning innate immune function using microneedles containing multiple classes of toll-like receptor agonists.Nanoscale · 2023Article
- Biomaterial Strategies for Selective Immune Tolerance: Advances and Gaps.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Engineering the lymph node environment promotes antigen-specific efficacy in type 1 diabetes and islet transplantation.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Enhancing the functionality of self-assembled immune signals using chemical crosslinks.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Impact of disease-modifying therapy on dendritic cells and exploring their immunotherapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Review
- Self-Assembly of Immune Signals to Program Innate Immunity through Rational Adjuvant Design.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Biophysical Properties of Self-Assembled Immune Signals Impact Signal Processing and the Nature of Regulatory Immune Function.Nano letters · 2021Article
- Exploiting Rational Assembly to Map Distinct Roles of Regulatory Cues during Autoimmune Therapy.ACS nano · 2021Article
- PEGylation enables subcutaneously administered nanoparticles to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2021Article
- Self-Assembly as a Molecular Strategy to Improve Immunotherapy.Accounts of chemical research · 2020Article
- Recent Advances in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.Brain sciences · 2020Review
- Biomaterials as Tools to Decode Immunity.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2020Review
- Linking autoantigen properties to mechanisms of immunity.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that excess signaling through inflammatory pathways (e.g., toll-like receptors, TLRs) contributes to the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases, including lupus, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesized that codelivery of a regulatory ligand of TLR9, GpG oligonucleotide, along with myelin-the "self" molecule attacked in MS-might restrain the pro-inflammatory signaling typically present during myelin presentation, redirecting T cell differentiation away from inflammatory populations and toward tolerogenic phenotypes such as regulatory T cells. Here we show that myelin peptide and GpG can be used as modular building blocks for co-assembly into immune polyelectrolyte multilayers (iPEMs). These nanostructured capsules mimic attractive features of biomaterials, including tunable cargo loading and codelivery, but eliminate all carriers and synthetic polymers, components that often exhibit intrinsic inflammatory properties that could exacerbate autoimmune disease. In vitro, iPEMs assembled from myelin and GpG oligonucleotide, but not myelin and a control oligonucleotide, restrain TLR9 signaling, reduce dendritic cell activation, and polarize myelin-specific T cells toward tolerogenic phenotype and function. In mice, iPEMs blunt myelin-triggered inflammatory responses, expand regulatory T cells, and eliminate disease in a common model of MS. Finally, in samples from human MS patients, iPEMs bias myelin-triggered immune cell function toward tolerance. This work represents a unique opportunity to use PEMs to regulate immune function and promote tolerance, supporting iPEMs as a carrier-free platform to alter TLR function to reduce inflammation and combat autoimmunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.