ArticleMedical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran2016
Economic burden of smoking: a systematic review of direct and indirect costs.
Article in Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pharmacological interventions on smoking cessation: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Preventing and controlling water pipe smoking: a systematic review of management interventions.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- The toll of tobacco: smoking-attributable health spending in South Korea, 2014-2024. National claims evidence for cost recovery.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Formerly incarcerated patient care in student-run clinics: substance use patterns and opportunities for intervention.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Are smart older adult care devices "cost-reducing and efficiency-enhancing" or "demand-activating"?-Empirical evidence from Chinese older adult households.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The impact of group cognitive behavioral therapy on stress and psychological adjustment among cigarette, e-cigarette, and hookah smokers.Journal of education and health promotion · 2026Article
- Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from leachates of waterpipe tobacco wastes on Peronia peronii species from the Persian Gulf region.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Smoking among Malaysian adults aged ≥15 years: A secondary dataset analysis of Global Adult Tobacco Survey-Malaysia 2023 (GATS-M 2023).Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Smokers' Characteristics Associated with Successful Smoking Cessation Undergoing Pharmacotherapy in Slovenia.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2024Article
- The economic cost of direct smoking in South Korea.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Prevalence and Determinants of Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents in Thailand: Evidence From 2021 Global School-Based Health Survey.Journal of research in health sciences · 2024Article
- The association between anti-smoking legislation and prevalence of acute respiratory illnesses in Indian children.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Tobacco control in Qatar from 2002 to 2022: 20 years of progress and challenges.Journal of public health research · 2024Article
- Building a House on Sand: How Tobacco Use Is Devouring Resources.Addiction & health · 2023Review
- Impact of Tobacco Smoking on Health Care Utilization and Medical Costs in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes.Current medical science · 2022Article
- Environmental and economics-related factors of smoking among Iranian adults aged 35-70: a PERSIAN cohort-based cross-sectional study.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Patterns of Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Vaping among University Students in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Review
- Influence of Dental Pain and Tooth Sensitivity on the Intention to Quit Smoking among Schoolchildren.International journal of dentistry · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmoking imposes considerably high economic costs both on the healthcare system as well as on a country as a whole. This study was aimed at systematically reviewing the currently published literature on the direct and indirect costs associated with smoking globally.
methodsA systematic review was performed on systematically searched articles from PubMed and Scopus databases published during the period 1990 to 2014. A combination of key terms such as "economic burden", "direct cost", "indirect cost", and smoking, tobacco or cigarette" and "productivity lost was used for the search. Original research article published in English with the age of study population greater than 35 years, at least three smoking-related diseases and reported direct or indirect cost of smoking were the inclusion criteria.
resultsFourteen original articles were included in the review. The cost of outpatient care and premature deaths were found to be the most important cost driver of direct and indirect costs respectively. The study showed that smoking-related diseases were responsible for 1.5 - 6.8 % of the national health system expenditures and 0.22-0.88% of GDP of a country.
conclusionOur review indicated that the costs of smoking are substantial, and smoking have a significant impact on the economy of a country. Policies such as increasing the taxation on a cigarette are required and should be implemented to reduce the economic burden of smoking.
Indexed as
Identifiers
27579287PMC5004566What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.