ReviewAnnual review of virology2016
Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins.
Review in Annual review of virology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,535 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Multicenter Study in Adults, to Determine the Safety, Efficacy, and Immunogenicity of AZD1222, a Non-replicating ChAdOx1 Vector Vaccine, for the Prevention of COVID-19
A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study in Adults to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of AZD7442, a Combination Product of Two Monoclonal Antibodies (AZD8895 and AZD1061), for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19.
A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study in Adults to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of AZD7442, a Combination Product of Two Monoclonal Antibodies (AZD8895 and AZD1061), for Post-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19
A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of AZD7442 for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Non-hospitalized Adults
A Phase I/III Randomized, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Safety, Efficacy and Neutralizing Activity of AZD5156/AZD3152 for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Participants With Conditions Causing Immune Impairment. Sub-study: Phase II Open Label Sub-study to Evaluate the Safety, PK, and Neutralizing Activity of AZD3152 for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19
Who cites it
1,535 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 2,933 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 in comorbid chronic diseased patients, pregnant and lactating women: pathophysiology, available drug treatment, and the most suitable protocol regimen in each group.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Comparable safety and non-inferior immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate PTX-COVID19-B and BNT162b2 in a phase 2 randomized, observer-blinded study.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a novel Chinese porcine deltacoronavirus strain CH/HLJ/20 isolated from diarrheic piglets.Virulence · 2026Article
- Article
- Hitting Coronaviruses Where It Hurts: Antiviral Strategies Targeting Viral Proteins.ChemMedChem · 2026Review
- A novel ursodeoxycholic acid derivative exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against influenza A virus and coronaviruses by multiphasic disruption of the viral life cycle.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- A decade of endemic human coronaviruses: epidemiological patterns and clinical significance in an adult cohort at a tertiary care hospital in Germany.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Structural basis of diverse antibody recognition of conserved coronavirus spike S2 epitopes that contribute to protective immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Molecular characteristics, phylodynamics, and evolutionary changes of avian infectious bronchitis virus detected from chickens in Yunnan Province, 2021-2024.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Structural dynamics and allosteric communication of a SARS-like bat coronavirus spike glycoprotein.Biophysical journal · 2026Article
- The cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 facilitates the entry of porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Drug Repurposing as a Broad-Spectrum Strategy Against Coronaviruses: Frontiers in Mechanisms and Clinical Translation.Viruses · 2026Review
- Human vault RNAs exhibit diverse expression patterns and inter-locus compensation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Narrowed host ranges do not constrain future host range expansion in RNA phage Φ6.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Genetic diversity of bovine coronaviruses from recurrent outbreaks on a large-scale cattle farm.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Detection of bovine coronavirus in myocardial tissue of a naturally infected calf.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Exploring coronavirus cell entry with functional viromics.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Development of a vaccine based on mRNA assembly of PEDV virus-like particle.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Pseudovirus-mediated proximity labeling identifies candidate host cell membrane proteins involved in viral attachment.Journal of virology · 2026Article
1,475 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The coronavirus spike protein is a multifunctional molecular machine that mediates coronavirus entry into host cells. It first binds to a receptor on the host cell surface through its S1 subunit and then fuses viral and host membranes through its S2 subunit. Two domains in S1 from different coronaviruses recognize a variety of host receptors, leading to viral attachment. The spike protein exists in two structurally distinct conformations, prefusion and postfusion. The transition from prefusion to postfusion conformation of the spike protein must be triggered, leading to membrane fusion. This article reviews current knowledge about the structures and functions of coronavirus spike proteins, illustrating how the two S1 domains recognize different receptors and how the spike proteins are regulated to undergo conformational transitions. I further discuss the evolution of these two critical functions of coronavirus spike proteins, receptor recognition and membrane fusion, in the context of the corresponding functions from other viruses and host cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.