ArticlePloS one2016
Acetylcholinesterase Regulates Skeletal In Ovo Development of Chicken Limbs by ACh-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence for acetylcholinesterase as an early mediator in knee osteoarthritis: insights from synovial fluid analyses.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Research progress on the mechanisms by which gut microbiota dysbiosis remodels the bone marrow neuroimmune microenvironment to drive age-related osteoporosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The effect of prenatal fumonisin B exposure on bone innervation in newborn Wistar rats.Journal of veterinary research · 2024Article
- CRHBP, a novel multiple cancer biomarker connected with better prognosis and anti-tumorigenicity.Cancer cell international · 2024Article
- The therapeutic mechanism of Compound Lurong Jiangu Capsule for the treatment of cadmium-induced osteoporosis: network pharmacology and experimental verification.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Neuro-bone tissue engineering: emerging mechanisms, potential strategies, and current challenges.Bone research · 2023Review
- Crosstalk between Bone and Nerves within Bone.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2021Review
- Non-neuronal Role of Acetylcholinesterase in Bone Development and Degeneration.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- Application of donepezil increased collagen 1 expression in mesenchymal stroma cells of an ovine osteoporosis model.Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions · 2018Article
- The significance of aryl acylamidase activity of acetylcholinesterase in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2018Article
- Acetylcholinesterase plays a non-neuronal, non-esterase role in organogenesis.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2017Article
- Wnt3a induces the expression of acetylcholinesterase during osteoblast differentiation via the Runx2 transcription factor.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2017Article
- Endochondral Ossification Is Accelerated in Cholinesterase-Deficient Mice and in Avian Mesenchymal Micromass Cultures.PloS one · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Formation of the vertebrate limb presents an excellent model to analyze a non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS). Here, we first analyzed the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by IHC and of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) by ISH in developing embryonic chicken limbs (stages HH17-37). AChE outlined formation of bones, being strongest at their distal tips, and later also marked areas of cell death. At onset, AChE and ChAT were elevated in two organizing centers of the limb anlage, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), respectively. Thereby ChAT was expressed shortly after AChE, thus strongly supporting a leading role of AChE in limb formation. Then, we conducted loss-of-function studies via unilateral implantation of beads into chicken limb anlagen, which were soaked in cholinergic components. After varying periods, the formation of cartilage matrix and of mineralizing bones was followed by Alcian blue (AB) and Alizarin red (AR) stainings, respectively. Both acetylcholine (ACh)- and ChAT-soaked beads accelerated bone formation in ovo. Notably, inhibition of AChE by BW284c51, or by the monoclonal antibody MAB304 delayed cartilage formation. Since bead inhibition of BChE was mostly ineffective, an ACh-independent action during BW284c51 and MAB304 inhibition was indicated, which possibly could be due to an enzymatic side activity of AChE. In conclusion, skeletogenesis in chick is regulated by an ACh-dependent cholinergic system, but to some extent also by an ACh-independent aspect of the AChE protein.
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