ArticleNature immunology2016
TFH cells progressively differentiate to regulate the germinal center response.
Article in Nature immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 234 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
234 citing papers in PubMed, 397 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Analysis of CCR9, CXCR5 and ICOS in Circulating Follicular Helper T Cell-like Populations in Sjögren's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Case Report: A case series of using whole exome sequencing to detect novel variants in Vietnamese patients with inborn errors of immunity.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Editorial: Follicular helper T cells in immunity and autoimmunity, volume II.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Imbalanced IgA-IgG class switching recombination: a novel mechanism of gut immune dysregulation in inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Characterization of Antigen-Specific CD4Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- TGF-beta promotes human T follicular helper cell stemness properties at the expense of effector function.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Lymphoid B cells upregulate HIV-1 ex vivo and are linked to its expression in vivo.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer: spatiotemporal heterogeneity, immune orchestration, and translational opportunities.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Conditional Ablation of PKCλ/ι in CD4Biomolecules · 2025Article
174 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells undergo affinity selection, which depends on interactions with CD4(+) follicular helper T cells (TFH cells). We found that TFH cells progressed through transcriptionally and functionally distinct stages and provided differential signals for GC regulation. They initially localized proximally to mutating B cells, secreted interleukin 21 (IL-21), induced expression of the transcription factor Bcl-6 and selected high-affinity B cell clones. As the GC response evolved, TFH cells extinguished IL-21 production and switched to IL-4 production, showed robust expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD40L, and promoted the development of antibody-secreting B cells via upregulation of the transcription factor Blimp-1. Thus, TFH cells in the B cell follicle progressively differentiate through stages of localization, cytokine production and surface ligand expression to 'fine tune' the GC reaction.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.