SynthesisPloS one2016
The Negative Relationship between Bilirubin Level and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between serum bilirubin and diabetic retinopathy: results from the NHANES 1999-2018 and Mendelian randomization study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Association between nutritional‑inflammatory status and diabetic retinopathy in adults with diabetes: insights from a US population‑based survey and a Chinese hospital‑based clinical cohort.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Bias or biology? Importance of model interpretation in machine learning studies from electronic health records.JAMIA open · 2022Article
- Evaluation of some oxidative markers in diabetes and diabetic retinopathy.Diabetology international · 2021Article
- Relationship between serum bilirubin levels, urinary biopyrrin levels, and retinopathy in patients with diabetes.PloS one · 2021Article
- Total Bilirubin Predicts Severe Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy and the Possible Causal Mechanism.Journal of diabetes research · 2020Article
- Effect of Repeated Freeze-Thaw on Serum Biomarkers Associated with Eye Disease.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2018Article
- Serum bilirubin levels are negatively associated with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes and normal renal function.International ophthalmology · 2018Article
- Elevated Serum Total Bilirubin Concentrations Are Negatively Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy among the Chinese Northeastern Population.International journal of endocrinology · 2018Article
- The U-Shaped Association between Bilirubin and Diabetic Retinopathy Risk: A Five-Year Cohort Based on 5323 Male Diabetic Patients.Journal of diabetes research · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesFindings on the relationship between total bilirubin level (TBL) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are inconsistent. Thus, we carried out a meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between TBL and the risk of DR.
methodsRelevant studies were selected from six databases up to 31 May 2016 using a search strategy. The relevant data were extracted from the included studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the mean value with standard errors or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. We compared TBL in patients with DR with that in patients with diabetes but without retinopathy (NDR), and analyzed the dose-response relationship between TBL and the risk of DR.
resultsTwenty-four studies were selected in this meta-analysis. Twenty studies were included to calculate the pooled SMD, and the results showed that TBL in the DR group was lower than that in the NDR group (SMD: -0.52, 95% CI: -0.67, -0.38). Nine studies were included to calculate the pooled ORs, and the results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between TBL and the risk of DR (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.25). Six studies were included to investigate the dose-response relationship between TBL and the risk of DR, and we found a nonlinear relationship between TBL and the risk of DR. The results of our meta-analysis were found to be reliable using subgroup and sensitivity analyses.
conclusionsThe results of our meta-analysis indicate that higher TBL may be protective against DR in subjects with diabetes, and TBL could be used as a biomarker to predict the risk of DR.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.