Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27571048›Full record

Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2016

CPAP for Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

R Doug McEvoy, Nick A Antic, Emma Heeley, Yuanming Luo, Qiong Ou, Xilong Zhang, Olga Mediano, Rui Chen, Luciano F Drager, Zhihong Liu and 18 more

10 registry-linked trialsAbstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 10 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 930 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
930citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
131.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT00738179 phase3unknown statusnot on this map

Sleep Apnea cardioVascular Endpoints Study - Investigating the Effectiveness of Treatment With CPAP vs Standard Care in Reducing CV Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Co-existing CV Disease and Moderate-severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

TypeinterventionalSponsorAdelaide Institute for Sleep HealthRan2008 to 2015Enrolled2,500ConditionsSleep Apnea, Cardiovascular DiseaseArmsContinuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), Standard care
NCT03345524 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2017, after this paper: background citation

Predictive Analytics and Peer-Driven Intervention for Guideline-based Care for Sleep Apnea

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of ArizonaRan2017 to 2018Enrolled145ConditionsObstructive Sleep ApneaArmsPeer-Buddy System, Usual Care
NCT03835702 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

Impact of a Novel Sleep Apnea Management Group Intervention on Positive Airway Pressure Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorThe Cleveland ClinicRan2019 to 2025Enrolled56ConditionsSleep ApneaArmsSAM Clinic Intervention
NCT03866148 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Cardiac Arrhythmias and the Impact of an Implantable Loop Recorder

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS TrustRan2019 to 2025Enrolled200ConditionsObstructive Sleep Apnea, Cardiovascular Diseases, Arrhythmia, Atrial Fibrillation New OnsetArmsReveal LINQ
NCT04054180 naterminatednot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation

Multimodal Remote Monitoring and Integrated Educational Program in OSA Patients Initiating Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): a Prospective Intervention (SLEEPCONNECT)

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity Hospital, GrenobleRan2021 to 2024Enrolled41ConditionsObstructive Sleep Apnea SyndromeArmsCPAP associated with connected devices: blood pressure monitor , scales and activity monitor
NCT04212260 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

Strengthening Oropharyngeal Muscles as a Novel Approach to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea After Stroke: A Randomized Feasibility Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreRan2019 to 2022Enrolled33ConditionsApnea, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, StrokeArmsOropharyngeal exercises, Sham control
NCT04399200 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCEs) After a First Stroke

TypeobservationalSponsorUniversity Hospital, GrenobleRan2020 to 2035Enrolled1,620ConditionsStroke, Sleep-disordered Breathing, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Apnea, ObstructiveArmsTreatment according to standard care recommandation
NCT04636996 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation

Effects of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Follow-up Strategy Based on a New Remote Contactless Sleep Monitoring System on Secondary Prevention in Patients Received Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery

TypeinterventionalSponsorChinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuwai HospitalRan2021 to 2022Enrolled200ConditionsCoronary Heart Disease, Artificial Intelligence, Sleep ApneaArmsartificial intelligence assisted follow-up
NCT07679282 phase4not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Comparative Effectiveness of Positive Airway Pressure Therapy, Dental Device, and Atomoxetine-Oxybutynin for Sleep Apnea: the ADAPT-OSA Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorSairam ParthasarathyRan2026 to 2032Enrolled2,400ConditionsObstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)ArmsPositive airway pressure (PAP) therapy, Sleep dental device, Atomoxetine-oxybutynin
NCT07792746 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Biomarkers on Adherence to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Role of Pulse Wave Amplitude Drop Index, Hypoxic Burden, and Heart Rate Variability

TypeobservationalSponsorClinique du MillenaireRan2026 to 2027Enrolled200ConditionsObstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), CPAP, Biomarkers for Prediction of OA Treatment EfficacyArmsContinuous Positive Airway Pressure
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

930 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,996 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Guideline
  3. Pooled it
  4. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2026
    Guideline
  5. Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Pooled it
  8. Pooled it
  9. Pooled it
  10. Effects of aerobic exercise and resistance training on obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024
    Pooled it
  11. Pooled it
  12. Trial
  13. Trial
  14. Trial
  15. Trial
  16. Automatic activation of neurostimulation for central sleep apnea results in high nightly usage.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026
    Trial
  17. Trial
  18. Trial
  19. Trial
  20. Trial

870 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

28 authors at 16 institutions in 6 countries.

R Doug McEvoyFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Nick A AnticFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Emma HeeleyFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Yuanming LuoFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Qiong OuFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Xilong ZhangFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Olga MedianoFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Rui ChenFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Luciano F DragerFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Zhihong LiuFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Guofang ChenFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Baoliang DuFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Nigel McArdleFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Sutapa MukherjeeFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Manjari TripathiFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Laurent BillotFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Qiang LiFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Geraldo Lorenzi-FilhoFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Ferran BarbeFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Susan RedlineFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Jiguang WangFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Hisatomi ArimaFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Bruce NealFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
David P WhiteFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Ron R GrunsteinFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Nanshan ZhongFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
Craig S AndersonFrom the Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health (R.D.M., N.A.A.) and the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences (R.D.M., N.A.A., E.H., B.N., C.S.A.), Flinders University, and Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (R.D.M., N.A.A., S.M.), Adelaide, SA, George Institute for Global Health (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), Sydney Medical School (E.H., L.B., Q.L., H.A., B.N., C.S.A.), and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (R.R.G.), University of Sydney, and the Departments of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine (R.R.G.) and Neurology (C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, and the Western Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA (N.M., S.M.) - all in Australia; the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Y.L., N.Z.), and Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (Q.O.), Guangzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (X.Z.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (R.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital (Z.L.), and George Institute for Global Health China (C.S.A.), Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, the Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou (G.C.), Hejian Municipal People's Hospital, Hejian (B.D.), and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai (J.W.) - all in China; University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara (O.M.), the Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida (F.B.), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid (F.B.) - all in Spain; Instituto do Coracao (Incor) and Hospital Universitario (L.F.D., G.L.-F.) and the Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, University of São Paulo Medical Sc
SAVE Investigators and Coordinators
Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health · AUUniversity of Sydney · AUAll India Institute of Medical Sciences · INBiomedical Research Institute of Lleida · ESFirst Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University · CNFlinders University · AUGuangdong Academy of Medical Sciences · CNHarvard University · USHealth Net · USHospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo · BRHospital Universitario de Guadalajara · ESJiangsu Province Hospital · CNRuijin Hospital · CNSecond Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University · CNState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease · CNWoolcock Institute of Medical Research · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundObstructive sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events; whether treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) prevents major cardiovascular events is uncertain.

methodsAfter a 1-week run-in period during which the participants used sham CPAP, we randomly assigned 2717 eligible adults between 45 and 75 years of age who had moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea and coronary or cerebrovascular disease to receive CPAP treatment plus usual care (CPAP group) or usual care alone (usual-care group). The primary composite end point was death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or transient ischemic attack. Secondary end points included other cardiovascular outcomes, health-related quality of life, snoring symptoms, daytime sleepiness, and mood.

resultsMost of the participants were men who had moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea and minimal sleepiness. In the CPAP group, the mean duration of adherence to CPAP therapy was 3.3 hours per night, and the mean apnea-hypopnea index (the number of apnea or hypopnea events per hour of recording) decreased from 29.0 events per hour at baseline to 3.7 events per hour during follow-up. After a mean follow-up of 3.7 years, a primary end-point event had occurred in 229 participants in the CPAP group (17.0%) and in 207 participants in the usual-care group (15.4%) (hazard ratio with CPAP, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.32; P=0.34). No significant effect on any individual or other composite cardiovascular end point was observed. CPAP significantly reduced snoring and daytime sleepiness and improved health-related quality of life and mood.

conclusionsTherapy with CPAP plus usual care, as compared with usual care alone, did not prevent cardiovascular events in patients with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea and established cardiovascular disease. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and others; SAVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00738179 ; Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12608000409370 .).

Indexed as

Continuous Positive Airway PressureAgedCardiovascular DiseasesCerebrovascular DisordersCoronary Artery DiseaseFemaleHospitalizationHumansIntention to Treat AnalysisMaleMiddle AgedSleep Apnea, ObstructiveTreatment Outcome

Identifiers

PMID27571048
OpenAlexW2508221593

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

and 4 more above

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.