ArticlePreventive medicine2016
Tobacco outlet density near home and school: Associations with smoking and norms among US teens.
Article in Preventive medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviour: how are exposure and outcome measures classified? A systematic review.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- The Association Between Tobacco Outlet Density and Smoking Among Young People: A Systematic Methodological Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Pooled it
- Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies.Health & place · 2021Pooled it
- Tobacco outlet density and adolescents' cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis.Tobacco control · 2019Pooled it
- Modelling how age-restricted location policies would impact tobacco retailer density in four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina and Ohio.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Density of tobacco retail outlets around school in Lao People's Democratic Republic 2024: a geospatial analysis.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Changes in Price, Consumption, Prevalence, and State Revenue of Transitioning Cigarette Sales to State-Controlled Outlets.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Tobacco retailer density and rurality across four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina, and Ohio.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Exploring the social context of smoking behaviours: insights from stop-smoking advisors in deprived communities in Northwest of England UK.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Estimating the number and growth of tobacconists and vape stores in Queensland in the absence of a retailer licensing database.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Should tobacco sales be restricted to state-run alcohol outlets? Perspectives from 10 US alcohol control states.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Article
- Predictor of smoking cessation among school-going adolescents in Indonesia: a secondary analysis based on the transtheoretical model of behavioral change.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Exposure to outdoor cigarette advertisements and cigarette retailers near Indonesian schools: Density, proximity, and students' self-report of exposure.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2024Article
- Social determinants of health as drivers of fungal disease.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Review
- A statewide study of disparities in local policies and tobacco, vape, and cannabis retail environments.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- The availability and distribution of vaping retailers across Ontario neighbourhoods, 2016-2019.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2023Article
- Cannabis use among adolescents and emerging adults who use e-cigarettes: Findings from an online, national U.S. Sample.Addictive behaviors · 2023Article
- Tobacco retail availability and cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth and adults: a scoping review.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- Preferences, use, and perceived access to flavored e-cigarettes among United States adolescents and young adults.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2022Article
- Associations of cannabis retail outlet availability and neighborhood disadvantage with cannabis use and related risk factors among young adults in Washington State.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study examined whether living or going to school in neighborhoods with higher tobacco outlet density is associated with higher odds of cigarette smoking among teens, and with perceptions of greater smoking prevalence and peer approval. Using an Internet panel that is representative of US households, we matched data from teen-parent pairs (n=2771, surveyed June 2011-December 2012) with environmental data about home and school neighborhoods. Density was measured as the number of tobacco outlets per square mile for a ½-mile roadway service area around each participant's home and school. Logistic regressions tested relationships between tobacco outlet density near home and schools with ever smoking. Linear regressions tested relationships between density, perceived prevalence and peer approval. Models were adjusted for teen, parent/household and neighborhood characteristics. In total, 41.0% of US teens (ages 13-16) lived within ½ mile of a tobacco outlet, and 44.4% attended school within 1000ft of a tobacco outlet. Higher tobacco outlet density near home was associated with higher odds of ever smoking, although the relationship was small, OR=1.01, 95% CI (1.00, 1.02). Higher tobacco outlet density near home was also associated with perceptions that more adults smoked, coef.=0.09, 95% CI (0.01, 0.17). Higher tobacco outlet density near schools was not associated with any outcomes. Living in neighborhoods with higher tobacco outlet density may contribute to teen smoking by increasing access to tobacco products and by cultivating perceptions that smoking is more prevalent. Policy interventions to restrict tobacco outlet density should not be limited to school environments.
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Registered trials
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