ArticleBMC infectious diseases2016
Clostridium difficile infection health disparities by race among hospitalized adults in the United States, 2001 to 2010.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial disparities in healthcare-associated infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2026Article
- Assessing the association between elements of health inequalities and the risk of bacterial infection in high-income countries: a systematic scoping review.Access microbiology · 2026Review
- Trends and Disparities inGastroenterology research and practice · 2026Article
- Evaluating Disparities in Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection and Fecal Microbiota Transplant Treatment Using Geospatial and Social Vulnerability Analytic Tools.Gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Health Disparities in Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections: Analysis of the U.S. National Inpatient Sample Database (2016-2022).Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Racial Disparities in Utilization of Medications and Disease Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.Crohn's & colitis 360 · 2025Article
- Racial Differences in Plasma Microbial Translocation and Plasma Microbiome, Implications in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Pathogenesis.ACR open rheumatology · 2024Article
- Racial disparities inInfection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Article
- Advancing health equity through action in antimicrobial stewardship and healthcare epidemiology.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Article
- Describing the monthly variability of hospital-onsetInfection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Article
- A Systematic Literature Review on Risk Factors for and Timing of Clostridioides difficile Infection in the United States.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Review
- National partnerships address critical needs in infection prevention and control.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
- Infectious Inequity: How the Gut Microbiome and Social Determinants of Health May Contribute to Clostridioides difficile Infection Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- COVID-19 andInfectious disease reports · 2023Article
- Examining the impact of racial disparities onInfection control and hospital epidemiology · 2023Article
- Health equity: The missing data elements in healthcare outbreak response.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2023Article
- "Healthcare worker perceptions of healthcare-associated infections and health inequity".Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2023Article
- Trends and Disparities in Outcomes ofJournal of clinical medicine research · 2022Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecognition of health disparities in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an initial step toward improved resource utilization and patient health. The purpose of this study was to identify health disparities by black vs. white race among hospitalized adults with CDI in the United States (U.S.) over 10 years.
methodsThis was a retrospective analysis of the U.S. National Hospital Discharge Surveys from 2001 to 2010. Eligible cases included adults with an ICD-9-CM code for CDI (008.45). Patients with missing race or "other race" were excluded. The primary outcome, CDI incidence, was calculated as CDI discharges per 1,000 total discharges. Data weights were used to determine national estimates. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and severe CDI. Comparisons were made using bivariable analyses. Race was assessed as an independent risk factor for CDI outcomes using logistic regression or proportional hazards models.
resultsThese data represent 1.7 million CDI discharges, where 90 % of patients were identified as white and 10 % black. Blacks differed from whites with respect to all baseline characteristics (p <0.0001). CDI incidence was significantly higher in whites compared to blacks (7.7/1,000 discharges vs. 4.9/1,000 discharges, p < 0.0001). Blacks had higher mortality (7.4 % vs. 7.2 %, p < 0.0001), LOS >7 days (57 % vs. 52 %, p < 0.0001), and severe CDI (24 % vs. 19 %, p < 0.0001). In multivariable analyses, black race was a positive predictor of mortality (OR 1.12, 95 % CI 1.09-1.15) and severe CDI (OR 1.09, 95 % CI 1.07-1.11), and negative predictor for hospital LOS (OR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.93-0.94).
conclusionsCDI incidence was higher for white patients; however, black race was independently associated with mortality and severe CDI.
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