Observational studyBMC family practice2016
Community health center provider ability to identify, treat and account for the social determinants of health: a card study.
Observational study in BMC family practice, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The association between team-based model of care characteristics and patient outcomes in community health centres: a systematic review.BMC primary care · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of reasons for and against asking patients about their socioeconomic contexts.International journal for equity in health · 2019Pooled it
- Concept Analysis and Proposed Definition ofJournal of primary care & community healthPooled it
- Association between housing status and mental health and substance use severity among individuals with opioid use disorder and co-occurring depression and/or PTSD.BMC primary care · 2025Trial
- Metformin Prescription Orders among Patients with Prediabetes in a National Network of Federally Qualified Health Centers.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Collecting Data on the Social Determinants of Health to Advance Health Equity in Cancer Care in Canada: Patient and Community Perspectives.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Article
- Athletic Trainers' Observations of Social Determinants of Health in the Secondary School Setting: A Card Study.Journal of athletic training · 2025Observational
- Social determinants of health and clinical outcomes among patients with atrial fibrillation: evidence from a global federated health research network.QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians · 2024Article
- Athletic Trainers' Familiarity, Comfort, Knowledge, and Recognition of Social Determinants of Health.Journal of athletic training · 2024Article
- Athletic Trainers' Observations of Social Determinants of Health in the Collegiate Setting: A Card Study.Journal of athletic training · 2024Observational
- The Role of Primary Care in Advancing Civic Engagement and Health Equity: A Conceptual Framework.The Milbank quarterly · 2023Article
- Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of and Experience with Social Determinants of Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Automating data collection methods in electronic health record systems: a Social Determinant of Health (SDOH) viewpoint.Health systems (Basingstoke, England) · 2023Review
- Engaging Stakeholders in Social Determinants of Health Quality Improvement Efforts.The Permanente journal · 2022Article
- Cost and Utilization Impacts of a Medicaid Managed Care Organization's Behavioral Health Wraparound Program.Administration and policy in mental health · 2022Observational
- Medicalization of poverty: a call to action for America's healthcare workforce.Family medicine and community health · 2022Article
- Patient- and Community-Oriented Primary Care Approaches for Health in Rural, Remote and Resource-Dependent Places: Insights for Eco-Social Praxis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
- "Engaging stakeholders in integrating social determinants of health into electronic health records: a scoping review".International journal of circumpolar health · 2021Article
- Primary care-based interventions to address the financial needs of patients experiencing poverty: a scoping review of the literature.International journal for equity in health · 2021Article
- The Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services State Innovation Models Initiative and Social Risk Factors: Improved Diagnosis Among Hospitalized Adults With Diabetes.American journal of preventive medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe social determinants of health (SDH) are conditions that shape the overall health of an individual on a continuous basis. As momentum for addressing social factors in primary care settings grows, provider ability to identify, treat and assess these factors remains unknown. Community health centers care for over 20-million of America's highest risk populations. This study at three centers evaluates provider ability to identify, treat and code for the SDH.
methodsInvestigators utilized a pre-study survey and a card study design to obtain evidence from the point of care. The survey assessed providers' perceptions of the SDH and their ability to address them. Then providers filled out one anonymous card per patient on four assigned days over a 4-week period, documenting social factors observed during encounters. The cards allowed providers to indicate if they were able to: provide counseling or other interventions, enter a diagnosis code and enter a billing code for identified factors.
resultsThe results of the survey indicate providers were familiar with the SDH and were comfortable identifying social factors at the point of care. A total of 747 cards were completed. 1584 factors were identified and 31 % were reported as having a service provided. However, only 1.2 % of factors were associated with a billing code and 6.8 % received a diagnosis code.
conclusionsAn obvious discrepancy exists between the number of identifiable social factors, provider ability to address them and documentation with billing and diagnosis codes. This disparity could be related to provider inability to code for social factors and bill for related time and services. Health care organizations should seek to implement procedures to document and monitor social factors and actions taken to address them. Results of this study suggest simple methods of identification may be sufficient. The addition of searchable codes and reimbursements may improve the way social factors are addressed for individuals and populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.