ArticleGenome biology and evolution2016
The Transcriptome of the Zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) Predicts a Basal Repertoire of Toxin-like and Venom-Auxiliary Polypeptides.
Article in Genome biology and evolution, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cnidarian Venoms in the Omics Era: Toxin Discovery and Bioactive Potential.Marine drugs · 2026Review
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- Inhibitory Activity of Calcium and Sodium Ion Channels of NeurotoxicPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Genome assembly of Bougainvillia cf. muscus (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa).G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Anthozoan Chemical Defenses: Integrating Compounds, Enzymatic Activities, and Omics-Based Discoveries.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Azooxanthellate Palythoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) Genomes Reveal Toxin-related Gene Clusters and Loss of Neuronal Genes in Hexacorals.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Multiomic Approach for Bioprospection: Investigation of Toxins and Peptides of Brazilian Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2023Article
- Never, Ever Make an Enemy… Out of an Anemone: Transcriptomic Comparison of Clownfish Hosting Sea Anemone Venoms.Marine drugs · 2022Review
- Transcriptomic Insights into the Diversity and Evolution of Myxozoa (Cnidaria, Endocnidozoa) Toxin-like Proteins.Marine drugs · 2022Article
- Review
- A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria.Marine drugs · 2020Review
- Transcriptomic Analysis of Four Cerianthid (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) Venoms.Marine drugs · 2020Article
- The Rapid Regenerative Response of a Model Sea Anemone Species Exaiptasia pallida Is Characterised by Tissue Plasticity and Highly Coordinated Cell Communication.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Article
- Reciprocal transplantation of the heterotrophic coralEcology and evolution · 2020Article
- Transcriptome Characterization of Reverse Development inG3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2019Article
- Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals a diversity of venom-related and toxin-like peptides expressed in the mat anemone Zoanthus natalensis (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia).Archives of toxicology · 2019Article
- Evaluation of two independent protocols for the extraction of DNA and RNA from different tissues of sea cucumberMethodsX · 2019Article
- The Holo-Transcriptome of the ZoantharianMarine drugs · 2018Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protopalythoa is a zoanthid that, together with thousands of predominantly marine species, such as hydra, jellyfish, and sea anemones, composes the oldest eumetazoan phylum, i.e., the Cnidaria. Some of these species, such as sea wasps and sea anemones, are highly venomous organisms that can produce deadly toxins for preying, for defense or for territorial disputes. Despite the fact that hundreds of organic and polypeptide toxins have been characterized from sea anemones and jellyfish, practically nothing is known about the toxin repertoire in zoanthids. Here, based on a transcriptome analysis of the zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis, numerous predicted polypeptides with canonical venom protein features are identified. These polypeptides comprise putative proteins from different toxin families: neurotoxic peptides, hemostatic and hemorrhagic toxins, membrane-active (pore-forming) proteins, protease inhibitors, mixed-function venom enzymes, and venom auxiliary proteins. The synthesis and functional analysis of two of these predicted toxin products, one related to the ShK/Aurelin family and the other to a recently discovered anthozoan toxin, displayed potent in vivo neurotoxicity that impaired swimming in larval zebrafish. Altogether, the complex array of venom-related transcripts that are identified in P. variabilis, some of which are first reported in Cnidaria, provides novel insight into the toxin distribution among species and might contribute to the understanding of composition and evolution of venom polypeptides in toxiferous animals.
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