Observational studyOptometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry2016
Internal Astigmatism in Myopes and Non-myopes: Compensation or Constant?
Observational study in Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Astigmatism Types Effects on Internal Astigmatism and Compensation in Children: Hong Kong Children Eye Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Body Mass Index is Associated With Direction-Specific Increases in With-the-Rule Corneal and Refractive Astigmatism in Schoolchildren.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Postoperative residual refractive astigmatism analysis in cylinder correction with toric IOL in patients with different degrees of astigmatism using AS-OCT and total keratometry.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Compensatory Interactions between Corneal and Internal Astigmatism despite Lifestyle Changes.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Prevalence and inconformity of refractive errors and ocular biometry of 3573 medical university freshman students for 4 consecutive years.International journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Evaluation of Ocular Residual Astigmatism in Eyes with Myopia and Myopic Astigmatism and Its Interaction with Other Forms of Astigmatism.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Article
- Ocular residual and corneal astigmatism in a clinical population of high school students.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo examine internal astigmatism (IA) in myopes and non-myopes using a new method to assess compensation of corneal astigmatism (CA) by IA, to look for predictors of high IA in young adult myopes, and to determine if as CA changes IA changes to reduce refractive astigmatism (RA) in an active compensatory process in myopes.
methodsRight eye keratometry and cycloplegic autorefraction were measured annually over 14 years in 367 myopes and once in 204 non-myopes age- (mean 21.91 ± 1.47 years), gender-, and ethnicity-matched to myopes at year 12. CA and RA at the corneal plane were expressed as J0, J45. IA = RA - CA. Inverse power transformation provided cylinder power and axis of IA for the compensation factor (IA/CA). Analyses included (1) paired and unpaired t-tests (refractive data), (2) chi-square tests (distributions of compensation factor), (3) logistic regression analysis (predictors of high IA), and (4) linear mixed models (time effect on RA, CA, and IA).
resultsThe magnitude of IAJ0 varied by refractive error (myopes -0.25 ± 0.24 vs. non-myopes -0.32 ± 0.21, p < 0.001). Compensation of CA by IA was poorer in myopes than non-myopes (χ p < 0.001). When matched by CA, compensation remained poorer in myopes than non-myopes (χ all p ≤ 0.04). Within each refractive group, compensation was better when CA was low than high (χ p < 0.001). When CA was low in myopes, high IA (≥1.00D) was less likely (p = 0.01). Longitudinal follow-up of myopes found no evidence for an active compensatory role for IA as CA increased over time. There were differences in IAJ0 by ethnicity over time (p < 0.0001).
conclusionsIn myopic and non-myopic eyes with low amounts of CA, IA may reduce CA's contribution to RA, but IA is not a constant. However, there is no evidence for an active compensatory role for IA reducing CA in myopes.
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Registered trials
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