SynthesisBMC infectious diseases2016
Cost of hospital management of Clostridium difficile infection in United States-a meta-analysis and modelling study.
Synthesis in BMC infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07221370 (Enteral Vancomycin as Primary Prophylaxis Against Clostridioides Difficile Infection in Critically Ill Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 153 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Enteral Vancomycin as Primary Prophylaxis Against Clostridioides Difficile Infection in Critically Ill Patients
Who cites it
153 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 289 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic prediction models to identify patients at risk for healthcare-facility-onsetInfection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- Economic Impact of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in the USA: A Systematic Literature Review and Cost Synthesis.Advances in therapy · 2023Pooled it
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) with Colonoscopy Is Superior to Enema and Nasogastric Tube While Comparable to Capsule for the Treatment of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Incidence and Outcomes Associated With Clostridium difficile Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2020Pooled it
- Antibiotics for the urgent management of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, symptomatic apical periodontitis, and localized acute apical abscess: Systematic review and meta-analysis-a report of the American Dental Association.Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) · 2019Pooled it
- Evidence-based clinical practice guideline on antibiotic use for the urgent management of pulpal- and periapical-related dental pain and intraoral swelling: A report from the American Dental Association.Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) · 2019Guideline
- Global burden ofJournal of global health · 2019Pooled it
- Risk factors forJournal of global health · 2017Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Bio-K+ for the prevention ofInfection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Trial
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- Effects of sexual dimorphism and estrous cycle on murineInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Coupling Far-Western Blotting with Peptide Microarrays Reveals Novel E-Cadherin Spore-Surface Ligands inJournal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Development and Evaluation of Exosporium-Anchored Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Reporters for TrackingACS synthetic biology · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (1990-2021) with projections to 2051: A multimodal analysis integrating machine learning (SHAP-XGBoost) and GBD 2021 data.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Epidemiology ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Risk Factors forThe Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology · 2026Article
- Guideline-concordant antibiotic prophylaxis on surgical site infection rates following colorectal surgery: real-world data from Thailand.Annals of coloproctology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the natural product α-mangostin against Clostridioides difficile.PloS one · 2026Article
- Evolution and economic evaluation of fecal incontinence management in United States intensive care units: from historical containment to automated diversion.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
93 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundClostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhoea but the economic costs of CDI on healthcare systems in the US remain uncertain.
methodsWe conducted a systematic search for published studies investigating the direct medical cost associated with CDI hospital management in the past 10 years (2005-2015) and included 42 studies to the final data analysis to estimate the financial impact of CDI in the US. We also conducted a meta-analysis of all costs using Monte Carlo simulation.
resultsThe average cost for CDI case management and average CDI-attributable costs per case were $42,316 (90 % CI: $39,886, $44,765) and $21,448 (90 % CI: $21,152, $21,744) in 2015 US dollars. Hospital-onset CDI-attributable cost per case was $34,157 (90 % CI: $33,134, $35,180), which was 1.5 times the cost of community-onset CDI ($20,095 [90 % CI: $4991, $35,204]). The average and incremental length of stay (LOS) for CDI inpatient treatment were 11.1 (90 % CI: 8.7-13.6) and 9.7 (90 % CI: 9.6-9.8) days respectively. Total annual CDI-attributable cost in the US is estimated US$6.3 (Range: $1.9-$7.0) billion. Total annual CDI hospital management required nearly 2.4 million days of inpatient stay.
conclusionsThis review indicates that CDI places a significant financial burden on the US healthcare system. This review adds strong evidence to aid policy-making on adequate resource allocation to CDI prevention and treatment in the US. Future studies should focus on recurrent CDI, CDI in long-term care facilities and persons with comorbidities and indirect cost from a societal perspective. Health-economic studies for CDI preventive intervention are needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.