SynthesisScientific reports2016
Higher FT4 or TSH below the normal range are associated with increased risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of 11 studies.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain functional connectivity in hyperthyroid patients: systematic review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses that Evaluate Risk Factors for Dementia to Evaluate the Quantity, Quality, and Global Representativeness of Evidence.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2019Pooled it
- Cognitive Impairment and Associated Factors Among Adult Hyperthyroid Patients at Bale Zone Hospitals, Southeast Ethiopia, 2024: Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Sex- and Region-Specific Glial Reactivity in Hyperthyroid Mice Lacks Correlation With the Noncognitive and Non-Depressive-Like Behavioral Alterations.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Plasma Beta-Amyloid and Metabolic Biomarkers: Age- and Sex-Stratified Analyses Suggest Limited Population-Level Associations.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Thyroid dysfunction and cognitive function: a review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- The type 2 deiodinase Thr92Ala polymorphism and cognitive aging: current evidence and biological context.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- The impact of autoimmune thyroid disease on cognitive and psychiatric disorders: focus on clinical, pre-clinical and molecular studies.European thyroid journal · 2025Review
- Considerations in the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Dysfunction in Older Adults.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2025Review
- Olfaction and thyroid hormones in patients with subjective cognitive decline, non-amnestic and amnestic mild cognitive impairment.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2025Article
- Review
- Rising Incidence and Comorbidities of Endogenous Hypothyroidism in Republic of Korea from 2004 to 2018: A Nationwide Population Study.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Article
- Thyroid Function and Cognitive Decline: A Narrative Review.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2024Review
- Moderating effects of body composition biomarkers on the relationship between thyroid hormones and cognitive performance in euthyroid older adults: insights from NHANES data.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones is Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Euthyroid Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Clinical interventions in aging · 2023Article
- Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Thyroid Diseases.Cureus · 2023Review
- Association of Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Cognitive Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- No effect of thyroid hormones on 5-year mortality in patients with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive disorder, and Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2022Article
- Pathophysiology and Clinical Features of Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Thyroid Disease.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2022Review
- Spectrum of thyroid dysfunction and dementia: a dose-response meta-analysis of 344,248 individuals from cohort studies.Endocrine connections · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Observational studies of thyroid function and dementia have reported conflicting results. We reviewed cohort and case-control studies from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library that focused on the association between serum thyroxine, thyrotropin and dementia. A total of 24,952 participants from three case-control and eight cohort studies were included. The relationships between dementia and the per standard deviation (SD) increment of free thyroxine (FT4) (random relative ratio (RR) = 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.17) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (fixed RR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.99) were well established. TSH levels in the low category were associated with an increased risk of dementia (fixed RR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.27-2.00). However, the positive association was confined to TSH levels below the normal range (fixed RR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.31-2.39), not those in the lower tertile of the normal range (fixed RR = 1.39, 95% CI 0.98-1.97). Additionally, dementia was not significantly associated with high TSH levels (fixed RR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.76-1.29). Furthermore, there was no positive association between dementia and the low or high categories of TSH in men. Thus, individuals with higher FT4 levels or those with TSH levels below the normal range have an increased risk of dementia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.