Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27557656›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2016

Dairy fat and risk of cardiovascular disease in 3 cohorts of US adults.

Mu Chen, Yanping Li, Qi Sun, An Pan, JoAnn E Manson, Kathryn M Rexrode, Walter C Willett, Eric B Rimm, Frank B Hu

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00005152 (Nurses' Health Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 69 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
69citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
21.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT00005152 active not recruitingnot on this map

Nurses' Health Study (Cardiovascular Component)

TypeobservationalSponsorBrigham and Women's HospitalRan1980 to 2029Enrolled121,700ConditionsCardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Coronary Disease, Heart Diseases
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

69 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  8. Trial
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  16. Recent advances in precision nutrition and cardiometabolic diseases.Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) · 2025
    Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Saturated fat in an evolutionary context.Lipids in health and disease · 2025
    Review
  20. Article

9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Mu ChenDepartments of Nutrition and.
Yanping LiDepartments of Nutrition and.
Qi SunDepartments of Nutrition and.
An PanDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
JoAnn E MansonEpidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Kathryn M RexrodeEpidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Walter C WillettDepartments of Nutrition and.
Eric B RimmDepartments of Nutrition and.
Frank B HuDepartments of Nutrition and frank.hu@channing.harvard.edu.
Harvard University · USBrigham and Women's Hospital · USHuazhong University of Science and Technology · CN

Funding

Long Term Multidisciplinary Study of Cancer in Women: The Nurses Health StudyUM1CA186107 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI ELIASSEN, A. HEATHER, STAMPFER, MEIR · 2014 to 2023
$22.3M
Life Course Cancer Epidemiology Cohort in WomenUM1CA176726 · NCI · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI WILLETT, WALTER C. · 2013 to 2017
$15.7M
RISK FACTORS FOR CVD IN WOMENR01HL034594 · NHLBI · TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA · PI JoAnn Elisabeth Manson, Lu Qi · 1985 to 2026
$13.8M
Dietary Etiology of Heart DiseaseR01HL035464 · NHLBI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI ERIC B RIMM, Qi Sun · 1986 to 2026
$13.6M
Premonopausal Hormone Levels and Risk of Breast CancerR01CA067262 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI HANKINSON, SUSAN E · 2002 to 2011
$11.9M
Cancer Epidemiology Cohort in Male Health ProfessionalsUM1CA167552 · NCI · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI WILLETT, WALTER C. · 2012 to 2016
$11.5M
Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke in WomenR01HL088521 · NHLBI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI REXRODE, KATHRYN M · 2008 to 2025
$9.9M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA067262NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA167552NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA176726NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA186107NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL034594NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL035464NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL088521
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFew prospective studies have examined dairy fat in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD).

objectiveWe aimed to evaluate the association between dairy fat and incident CVD in US adults.

designWe followed 43,652 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2010), 87,907 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1980-2012), and 90,675 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2011). Dairy fat and other fat intakes were assessed every 4 y with the use of validated food-frequency questionnaires.

resultsDuring 5,158,337 person-years of follow-up, we documented 14,815 incident CVD cases including 8974 coronary heart disease cases (nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal coronary disease) and 5841 stroke cases. In multivariate analyses, compared with an equivalent amount of energy from carbohydrates (excluding fruit and vegetables), dairy fat intake was not significantly related to risk of total CVD (for a 5% increase in energy from dairy fat, the RR was 1.02; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.05), coronary heart disease (RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.09), or stroke (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.05) (P > 0.05 for all). In models in which we estimated the effects of exchanging different fat sources, the replacement of 5% of energy intake from dairy fat with equivalent energy intake from polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) or vegetable fat was associated with 24% (RR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.81) and 10% (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.93) lower risk of CVD, respectively, whereas the 5% energy intake substitution of other animal fat with dairy fat was associated with 6% increased CVD risk (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.09).

conclusionsThe replacement of animal fats, including dairy fat, with vegetable sources of fats and PUFAs may reduce risk of CVD. Whether the food matrix may modify the effect of dairy fat on health outcomes warrants further investigation.

Indexed as

Dairy ProductsAdultAgedCardiovascular DiseasesDietDietary FatsEnergy IntakeFatty Acids, UnsaturatedFemaleFollow-Up StudiesFruitHumansMaleMiddle AgedMultivariate AnalysisNutrition AssessmentDietary FatsFatty Acids, Unsaturatedanimal fatcardiovascular diseasedairy fatprospectivevegetable fat

Identifiers

PMID27557656
PMCPMC5081717
OpenAlexW2518412059

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.