ArticleOncotarget2016
Tumor treating fields inhibit glioblastoma cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis.
Article in Oncotarget, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hirsutine, an Emerging Natural Product with Promising Therapeutic Benefits: A Systematic Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Pooled it
- Tumor treating fields plus temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a sub-group analysis of Korean patients in the EF-14 phase 3 trial.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2020Trial
- Tumor-treating fields plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for glioblastoma at first recurrence: a post hoc analysis of the EF-14 trial.CNS oncology · 2017Trial
- Tumor Treating Fields and the Glioblastoma Microenvironment: Mechanistic Convergences with Radiotherapy.Cancers · 2026Review
- Dual-targeted glutathione-glutamate functionalized Bismuth-Niosomes hybrid nanosystem for co-delivery of doxorubicin and Pi3K inhibitor into U87 glioblastoma cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- NAALADL1 modulates cellular resistance to Tumor Treating Fields in colorectal cancer.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- Differential migratory phenotypes of human neutrophils and breast cancer cells in a wireless unidirectional electric field platform.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Article
- Review
- Safety and Efficacy of Tumor-Treating Fields (TTFields) Therapy for Pediatric High-Grade Glioma: Results of a Prespecified Interim Analysis of the First Three Cases.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immune Modulation in Cancer: The Role of Tumor-Treating Fields (TTFields).Current protocols · 2025Review
- Exploring the molecular mechanism of cancer radiosensitization: the impact of physical stimulation therapy.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2025Review
- The therapeutic efficacy and application prospects of tumor-treating fields (TTFields) in resolving malignant tumors of central nervous system.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- Advancement in tumor treating fields of mechanism, clinical applications, and future directions.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- FGFR inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy to sensitize glioblastoma stem cells to tumor treating fields.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Therapy in Unresectable Pleural Mesothelioma: Overview of Efficacy, Safety, and Future Outlook.Current treatment options in oncology · 2025Review
- Review
- Role of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the cellular response to Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields).Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Effect of TIMPs and their minimally engineered variants in blocking invasion and migration of brain cancer cells.Oncotarget · 2025Article
- Alternating electric fields transform the intricate network of tumour vasculature into orderly parallel capillaries and enhance the anti-angiogenesis effect of bevacizumab.Cell proliferation · 2025Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment with alternating electric fields at an intermediate frequency (100-300 kHz), referred to as tumor treating fields (TTF) therapy, inhibits cancer cell proliferation. In the present study, we demonstrated that TTF application suppressed the metastatic potential of U87 and U373 glioblastoma cell lines via the NF-kB, MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Wound-healing and transwell assays showed that TTF suppressed cell migration and invasion compared with controls. Soft agar and three-dimensional culture assays showed that TTF inhibited both anchorage-dependent (cell proliferation) and anchorage-independent (colony formation) GBM cell growth. TTF dysregulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-related genes, such as vimentin and E-cadherin, which partially accounted for TTF inhibition of cell migration and invasion. We further demonstrated that TTF application suppressed angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF, HIF1α and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. TTF also inhibited NF-kB transcriptional activity. Collectively, our findings show that TTF represents a promising novel anti-invasion and anti-angiogenesis therapeutic strategy for use in GBM patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.