ArticlePediatrics2016
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment.
Article in Pediatrics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05796427 (Testing a Novel ADHD Engagement Intervention "START" to Improve Access to Treatment), which is not on this map. Cited by 111 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Testing a Novel ADHD Engagement Intervention "START" to Improve Access to Treatment
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Individual child factors affecting the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: a systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Risks Associated With Undiagnosed ADHD and/or Autism: A Mixed-Method Systematic Review.Journal of attention disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Risk of neurodegenerative disease or dementia in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among US Black Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Screening for parent and child ADHD in urban pediatric primary care: pilot implementation and stakeholder perspectives.BMC pediatrics · 2023Trial
- Stepped Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Aggressive Behavior: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Risperidone, Divalproex Sodium, or Placebo After Stimulant Medication Optimization.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2021Trial
- Disparities in treatment initiation following diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Review
- Examining Increased Ritalin and Adderall Use Among Low-Income People Who Use Drugs: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Article
- Prevalence of Co-occurring Mental, Neurodevelopmental and Neurological Conditions in Medicaid Beneficiaries With Autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Review
- Parental ADHD as a Mechanistic Barrier to Behavioral Parent Training Implementation: An Intergenerational Framework for Addressing Childhood ADHD.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Commercially Sexually Exploited Adolescent Girls: The Association Between Externalizing Disorders and Parental Incarceration with Suicide Attempts.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Prior Diagnoses and Age of Diagnosis in Children Later Diagnosed with Autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Perceived Antisemitism and Mental Health in Jewish Mothers and Their Children.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Trends in use of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder medications among children and adults in five European countries, 2010 to 2023: a population-based observational study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- School readiness as a signal of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a population-based cohort study highlighting structural inequalities.Archives of disease in childhood · 2026Article
- Beyond the clinic: The role of the psychiatrist in practicing pragmatic solidarity.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Trimester of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection differentially predicts newborn size in the COVID-19 Mother Baby Outcomes (COMBO) cohort.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Racial Biases in Parent-Teacher Ratings of Childhood ADHD Symptoms: Roles of Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes and Stereotypes.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe examined racial/ethnic disparities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis and medication use and determined whether medication disparities were more likely due to underdiagnosis or undertreatment of African-American and Latino children, or overdiagnosis or overtreatment of white children.
methodsWe used a population-based, multisite sample of 4297 children and parents surveyed over 3 waves (fifth, seventh, and 10th grades). Multivariate logistic regression examined disparities in parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and medication use in the following analyses: (1) using the total sample; (2) limited to children with an ADHD diagnosis or symptoms; and (3) limited to children without a diagnosis or symptoms.
resultsAcross all waves, African-American and Latino children, compared with white children, had lower odds of having an ADHD diagnosis and of taking ADHD medication, controlling for sociodemographics, ADHD symptoms, and other potential comorbid mental health symptoms. Among children with an ADHD diagnosis or symptoms, African-American children had lower odds of medication use at fifth, seventh, and 10th grades, and Latino children had lower odds at fifth and 10th grades. Among children who had neither ADHD symptoms nor ADHD diagnosis by fifth grade (and thus would not likely meet ADHD diagnostic criteria at any age), medication use did not vary by race/ethnicity in adjusted analysis.
conclusionsRacial/ethnic disparities in parent-reported medication use for ADHD are robust, persisting from fifth grade to 10th grade. These findings suggest that disparities may be more likely related to underdiagnosis and undertreatment of African-American and Latino children as opposed to overdiagnosis or overtreatment of white children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.