ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2017
Nursing Skill Mix, Nurse Staffing Level, and Physical Restraint Use in US Hospitals: a Longitudinal Study.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05180552 (The HEALiX Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The HEALiX Trial: Comparing the Efficacy of the HEALiX Device With Wrist Restraints in a Critical Care Setting
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A quantitative systematic review of the association between nurse skill mix and nursing-sensitive patient outcomes in the acute care setting.Journal of advanced nursing · 2019Pooled it
- The Ethical Tightrope of Physical and Environmental Restraint in ICU: A Balancing Act.Nursing in critical care · 2026Article
- Article
- We Want More Than Life-Sustaining Treatment during End-of-Life Care: Focus-Group Interviews.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict the Intention and Practice of Nursing Staff Toward Physical Restraint Use in Long-Term Care Facilities: Structural Equation Modeling.Psychology research and behavior management · 2021Article
- Nurse Staffing, the Clinical Work Environment, and Burn Patient Mortality.Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association · 2020Observational
- Sports Medicine Staffing Patterns and Incidence of Injury in Collegiate Men's Ice Hockey.Journal of athletic training · 2020Article
- The Attitudes Towards the Use of Restraint and Restrictive Intervention Amongst Healthcare Staff on Acute Medical and Frailty Wards-A Brief Literature Review.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Acting with Restraint.Journal of general internal medicine · 2017Article
- Rural Hospital Nursing Skill Mix and Work Environment Associated with Frequency of Adverse Events.SAGE open nursingArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough it is plausible that nurse staffing is associated with use of physical restraints in hospitals, this has not been well established. This may be due to limitations in previous cross-sectional analyses lacking adequate control for unmeasured differences in patient-level variables among nursing units.
objectiveTo conduct a longitudinal study, with units serving as their own control, examining whether nurse staffing relative to a unit's long-term average is associated with restraint use.
designWe analyzed 17 quarters of longitudinal data using mixed logistic regression, modeling quarterly odds of unit restraint use as a function of quarterly staffing relative to the unit's average staffing across study quarters. SUBJECTS: 3101 medical, surgical, and medical-surgical units in US hospitals participating in the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators during 2006-2010. Units had to report at least one quarter with restraint use and one quarter without. MAIN MEASURES: We studied two nurse staffing variables: staffing level (total nursing hours per patient day) and nursing skill mix (proportion of nursing hours provided by RNs). Outcomes were any use of restraint, regardless of reason, and use of restraint for fall prevention. KEY
resultsNursing skill mix was inversely correlated with restraint use for fall prevention and for any reason. Compared to average quarters, odds of fall prevention restraint and of any restraint were respectively 16 % (95 % CI: 3-29 %) and 18 % (95 % CI: 8-29 %) higher for quarters with very low skill mix.
conclusionsIn this longitudinal study there was a strong negative correlation between nursing skill mix and physical restraint use. Ensuring that skill mix is consistently adequate should reduce use of restraint.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.