ReviewParasites & vectors2016
The immunology of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL).
Review in Parasites & vectors, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring real-time PCR techniques for diagnosing leishmaniasis: key insights from a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2025Pooled it
- Ocular Leishmaniasis - A systematic review.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2021Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Host-Mediated Activity of Miltefosine in Leishmaniasis through Immunomodulation.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2019Pooled it
- Differences in the Cellular Immune Response during and after Treatment of Sudanese Patients with Post-kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis, and Possible Implications for Outcome.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Trial
- Safety and efficacy of paromomycin/miltefosine/liposomal amphotericin B combinations for the treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan: A phase II, open label, randomized, parallel arm study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of ChAd63-KH vaccine in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients in Sudan.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2021Trial
- Combination Therapy Against Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis with Liposomal Amphotericin B (FungisomeThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Trial
- Bi-directional highways and super-seeder tissues underpin parasite dissemination in experimental Leishmania donovani infection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bidirectional Interaction Between Liposomal Amphotericin B Pharmacokinetics and Parasite Dynamics in Patients With Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: Potential Implications for Optimal Dosing.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Risk factors for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): Challenges in understanding pathophysiology.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Leishmaniasis: pathogenesis, host immunity, and the evolving landscape of immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: insights into underlying pathogenic mechanisms and genetic landscape.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Karachi, Pakistan.JAAD international · 2025Article
- Immune-Pathological Correlates of Disease Severity in New-World Kala-Azar: The Role of Parasite Load and Cytokine Profiles.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Leishmaniases in Ethiopia: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2025Article
- An Update on Clinical and Pathogenic Spectra of Leishmaniasis.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Unsupervised machine learning identifies biomarkers of disease progression in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Instrument-Free Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Leishmania Parasites.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Can letrozole be repurposed for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis?Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a common complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani. Because of its possible role in transmission it is considered a public health problem in VL endemic areas. The clinical features include a skin rash consisting of macules, papules or nodules in an otherwise healthy individual; this presentation is determined by the immune response towards parasites in the skin that probably persisted from the previous VL episode. The immune response in VL, cured VL and PKDL is the result of changes in the cytokine profile that only in part can be captured under the Th1 and Th2 dichotomy. Regulatory T cells and Th 17 cells also play a role. VL is characterized by an absent immune response to Leishmania with a predominantly Th2 type of response with high levels of IL-10; after successful treatment the patient will be immune with in vitro features of a Th1 type of response and in vivo a positive leishmanin skin test. PKDL takes an intermediate position with a dissociation of the immune response between the skin and the viscera, with a Th2 and Th1 type of response, respectively. It is likely that immune responses determine the different epidemiological and clinical characteristics of PKDL in Asia and Africa; various risk factors for PKDL may influence this, such as incomplete and inadequate treatment of VL, parasite resistance and genetic factors. It should be noted that PKDL is a heterogeneous and dynamic condition and patients differ with regard to time of onset after visceral leishmaniasis (VL), chronicity, extent and appearance of the rash including related immune responses, all of which may vary over time. Better understanding of these immune responses may offer opportunities for manipulation including combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy for VL to prevent PKDL from occurring and similarly in the treatment of chronic or treatment resistant PKDL cases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.