ArticleScientific reports2016
Indoxyl sulfate potentiates skeletal muscle atrophy by inducing the oxidative stress-mediated expression of myostatin and atrogin-1.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding the gut microbiota and sarcopenia: a systematic review.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2021Pooled it
- Testosterone administration partially modulates gut microbiota responses to severe energy deficit.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Trial
- Anti-sarcopenic effect of leucine-enriched branched-chain amino acid supplementation among elderly chronic kidney disease patients: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.International urology and nephrology · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Effects of AST-120 on muscle health and quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients: results of RECOVERY study.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2022Trial
- Resistant starch supplementation effects on plasma indole 3-acetic acid and aryl hydrocarbon receptor mRNA expression in hemodialysis patients: Randomized, double blind and controlled clinical trial.Jornal brasileiro de nefrologiaTrial
- Skeletal muscle metabolomic markers underlying the enhanced exercise-induced hypertrophy response to resistance training in older adults.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Review
- Targeting Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Challenges and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Toxins · 2026Review
- Perspective: Personalized Management of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Post-Exercise Recovery with a Particular Emphasis on the Potential of Micro-Immunotherapy.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Dual Role of Interleukin-6 in the Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Therapeutic Prospects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Development of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of sarcopenia.Annals of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Myostatin Research: From Molecular Understanding to Clinical Translation for Musculoskeletal and Metabolic Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Sarcopenia in Kidney Transplantation: Bridging Pathophysiology to Patient-Centered Care.Nutrients · 2026Review
- The Gut-Kidney-Metabolic Axis: Impact of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins on Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Kidney Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 8 (Myostatin) Concentrations in Cats with Early-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Chronic Kidney Disease, Sarcopenia, and Hormonal-Metabolic Alterations: An Intriguing Association.Kidney & blood pressure research · 2026Review
- Gut-muscle axis in sarcopenia: from mechanisms to microbiome-based therapies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Comment on "Anti-sarcopenic effect of leucine-enriched branched-chain amino acid supplementation among elderly chronic kidney disease patients: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial".International urology and nephrology · 2025Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy, referred to as sarcopenia, is often observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, especially in patients who are undergoing hemodialysis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether uremic toxins are involved in CKD-related skeletal muscle atrophy. Among six protein-bound uremic toxins, indole containing compounds, indoxyl sulfate (IS) significantly inhibited proliferation and myotube formation in C2C12 myoblast cells. IS increased the factors related to skeletal muscle breakdown, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β1) in C2C12 cells. IS also enhanced the production of muscle atrophy-related genes, myostatin and atrogin-1. These effects induced by IS were suppressed in the presence of an antioxidant or inhibitors of the organic anion transporter and aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The administered IS was distributed to skeletal muscle and induced superoxide production in half-nephrectomized (1/2 Nx) mice. The chronic administration of IS significantly reduced the body weights accompanied by skeletal muscle weight loss. Similar to the in vitro data, IS induced the expression of myostatin and atrogin-1 in addition to increasing the production of inflammatory cytokines by enhancing oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. These data suggest that IS has the potential to accelerate skeletal muscle atrophy by inducing oxidative stress-mediated myostatin and atrogin-1 expression.
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