Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27548311›Full record

ArticleNature genetics2016

Evolution of the immune system influences speciation rates in teleost fishes.

Martin Malmstrøm, Michael Matschiner, Ole K Tørresen, Bastiaan Star, Lars G Snipen, Thomas F Hansen, Helle T Baalsrud, Alexander J Nederbragt, Reinhold Hanel, Walter Salzburger and 3 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readComparative Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature genetics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 128 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
128citing papers in PubMed
12.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

128 citing papers in PubMed, 268 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Bony fish genomes: Status and gaps.Journal of fish biology · 2026
    Review
  3. Chromosome-scale genome of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L., 1758) and comparative genomics uncover clupeid-specific immune gene expansions.DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
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  6. Article
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  10. Article
  11. TLR25 is endosomally located and responds toFrontiers in immunology · 2026
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Phylogeography ofParasitology · 2025
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Development of SNP forEcology and evolution · 2025
    Article

68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Martin MalmstrømDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Michael MatschinerDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Ole K TørresenDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Bastiaan StarDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Lars G SnipenDepartment of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
Thomas F HansenDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Helle T BaalsrudDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Alexander J NederbragtDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID 0000-0001-5539-0999
Reinhold HanelInstitute of Fisheries Ecology, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany.
Walter SalzburgerDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Nils C StensethDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Kjetill S JakobsenDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-8861-5397
Sissel JentoftDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
University of Oslo · NOJohann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut · DENorwegian University of Life Sciences · NO

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Teleost fishes constitute the most species-rich vertebrate clade and exhibit extensive genetic and phenotypic variation, including diverse immune defense strategies. The genomic basis of a particularly aberrant strategy is exemplified by Atlantic cod, in which a loss of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II functionality coincides with a marked expansion of MHC I genes. Through low-coverage genome sequencing (9-39×), assembly and comparative analyses for 66 teleost species, we show here that MHC II is missing in the entire Gadiformes lineage and thus was lost once in their common ancestor. In contrast, we find that MHC I gene expansions have occurred multiple times, both inside and outside this clade. Moreover, we identify an association between high MHC I copy number and elevated speciation rates using trait-dependent diversification models. Our results extend current understanding of the plasticity of the adaptive immune system and suggest an important role for immune-related genes in animal diversification.

Indexed as

Biological EvolutionGenetic SpeciationImmune SystemAdaptation, BiologicalAnimalsFishesGene DosageGenomeMajor Histocompatibility ComplexPhylogenySpecies Specificity

Identifiers

PMID27548311
OpenAlexW2507252565

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.