ArticleNutrients2016
Serum Retinol Concentrations, Race, and Socioeconomic Status in of Women of Childbearing Age in the United States.
Article in Nutrients, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nutritional Formulation for Patients with Angelman Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Exogenous Ketones.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Associations Between Carotenoid Status, Visual Outcomes and Cognitive Metrics in Children: A Scoping Review.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Genetic and environmental factors contributing to anophthalmia and microphthalmia: Current understanding and future directions.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2025Review
- Redefining Neonatal Vitamin A Adequacy and Deficiency Based on Maternal Nutrition: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chongqing, China.Food science & nutrition · 2024Article
- Age affects the association between socioeconomic status and infertility: a cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Understanding health disparities affecting people of West Central African descent in the United States: An evolutionary perspective.Evolutionary applications · 2023Review
- Connecting clinical, environmental, and genetic factors point to an essential role for vitamin A signaling in the pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2023Review
- Article
- Geographic and socio-demographic determinants of plasma retinol concentrations in Chinese pregnant and lactating women.European journal of nutrition · 2022Article
- Plasma Retinoid Concentrations Are Altered in Pregnant Women.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Genetic Variations of Vitamin A-Absorption and Storage-Related Genes, and Their Potential Contribution to Vitamin A Deficiency Risks Among Different Ethnic Groups.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Dietary Vitamin A and Breast Cancer Risk in Black Women: The African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk (AMBER) Consortium.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Vitamin A: A Potential Intervention for Breast Cancer Racial Disparities.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Fruit and vegetable consumption and serum vitamin A in lactating women: A cross-sectional survey in urban China.Food science & nutrition · 2021Article
- Article
- Status of Retinoids and Carotenoids and Associations with Clinical Outcomes in Maternal-Infant Pairs in Nigeria.Nutrients · 2018Article
- Fat-soluble vitamins A and E and health disparities in a cohort of pregnant women at delivery.Journal of nutritional science · 2018Article
- Closer to clarity on the effect of lipid consumption on fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid absorption: do we need to close in further?The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2017Article
- Risk of Deficiency in Multiple Concurrent Micronutrients in Children and Adults in the United States.Nutrients · 2017Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVitamin A is an essential nutrient during pregnancy and throughout the lifecycle due to its role in the development of critical organ systems. Because maternal tissue is progressively depleted of vitamin A to supply fetal demands, women who become pregnant while possessing marginal vitamin A reserves are at increased risk of vitamin A inadequacy as pregnancy progresses. Few studies have assessed the relationship between socioeconomic factors and retinol status in women of childbearing age.
methodsWe used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess the relationship between serum retinol concentrations and socioeconomic factors in women of childbearing age. Women 14-45 years of age (n = 3170) from NHANES cycles 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 were included. Serum retinol concentrations were divided into categories according to World Health Organization criteria. All statistical procedures accounted for the weighted data and complex design of the NHANES sample. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
resultsThe poverty score and race were significantly associated with vitamin A status after adjustment for confounders. Odds of retinol concentrations of <1.05 µmol/L were 1.85 times higher for those of lower socioeconomic status when compared to those of higher status (95% CI: 1.12-3.03, p = 0.02), and 3.1 times higher for non-Hispanic blacks when compared to non-Hispanic whites (95% CI: 1.50-6.41, p = 0.002). Dietary intakes of retinol activity equivalents were significantly lower in groups with higher poverty scores (p = 0.004). Conclusion There appear to be disparities in serum vitamin A levels in women of childbearing age related to income and race in the United States.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.