ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2016
Sex differences in immune responses.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04865029 (Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 3,753 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Severity: A Randomized Control Trial
Who cites it
3,753 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 6,085 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Hormones in Psoriatic Disease: A Systematic Review.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2026Pooled it
- Sex Differences in Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFA Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-Sectional Comparisons.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Why probiotics fail: gut niche tension as the missing variable?Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis shapes brain T-cell immunity in accelerated aging.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the gut microbiome and related metabolites: role in cardiometabolic disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Early neutrophil infiltration promotes TRIMELVax-induced antitumor immunity by linking local inflammation to tumor control.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Sex determines the natural killer cell-mediated immunity against pancreatic cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Sex-based considerations in the choice for a TLR9 or TLR7/8 agonist to arm the sentinel lymph node in early-stage melanoma.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Monkeypox virus replication and host response in vaginal and ectocervical epithelial cells.Virulence · 2026Article
- Sex-associated differences in routine inflammatory markers and neuromuscular ultrasound measurements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- From discovery through emergency use to the present: Safety evaluation of the COVID-19 mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Dementia incidence across countries: a sex-specific ecological analysis of cancer incidence.Future science OA · 2026Article
- Mapping the global landscape of research on immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated cardiotoxicity: A quantitative and visualized bibliometric study (2016-2025).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Tertiary lymphoid structures in gastrointestinal cancer: orchestrating tumour microenvironmental immune subcycles to elegantly amplify the cancer immunity cycle.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Lethal C57BL/6 mouse model for Yezo virus infection and antiviral therapeutic evaluation.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and trends of paediatric tuberculosis cases in Spain, 2012-2023.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Associations Between Inflammation and Multi-Dimensional Fatigue up to 2 Years After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Proteomic Profiling Identifies Pregnancy Zone Protein as a Complement-Linked Marker of Adverse Prognosis in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Balancing inflammation under stress: glucocorticoid regulation of innate immune pathways.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Temporal and transcriptional programming of effector memory B cells shapes vaccine platform-dependent humoral immunity.iScience · 2026Article
3,693 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex differences are present throughout life, whereas others are only apparent after puberty and before reproductive senescence, suggesting that both genes and hormones are involved. Furthermore, early environmental exposures influence the microbiome and have sex-dependent effects on immune function. Importantly, these sex-based immunological differences contribute to variations in the incidence of autoimmune diseases and malignancies, susceptibility to infectious diseases and responses to vaccines in males and females. Here, we discuss these differences and emphasize that sex is a biological variable that should be considered in immunological studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.