ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2016
Early life socioeconomic position and immune response to persistent infections among elderly Latinos.
Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adaptive immune responses to vaccination reflect social status at first exposure in female rhesus macaques.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The aging immune system and all-cause mortality in older americans: differences across sex and race/ethnicity.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Evaluating the relationship between familial poverty,Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Review
- The effect of childhood socioeconomic status on adult self-rated health by age and race.Longitudinal and life course studies : international journal · 2024Article
- Chronic Stress and Latent Virus Reactivation: Effects on Immune Aging, Chronic Disease Morbidity, and Mortality.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Article
- The Impact of COVID-19 on the Latinx Population: A Scoping Literature Review.Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.) · 2021Article
- Life Course Socioeconomic Disadvantage and the Aging Immune System: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2021Article
- Host-virus interaction and viral evasion.Cell biology international · 2021Review
- Association Between Immune Response to Cytomegalovirus and Cognition in the Health and Retirement Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- The Potential Contribution of ABO, Lewis and Secretor Histo-Blood Group Carbohydrates in Infection byFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Risk factors forEpidemiology and infection · 2020Article
- Pathogen burden and leukocyte telomere length in the United States.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2020Article
- Social determinants of health and survival in humans and other animals.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Review
- Article
- Race/Ethnic and Educational Disparities in the Association Between Pathogen Burden and a Laboratory-Based Cumulative Deficits Index.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2020Article
- Persistent socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in pathogen burden in the United States, 1999-2014.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
- Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe.Viral immunology · 2019Article
- The association of parental and offspring educational attainment with systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and waist circumference in Latino adults.Obesity science & practice · 2018Article
- Investigating pathogen burden in relation to a cumulative deficits index in a representative sample of US adults.Epidemiology and infection · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Persistent infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), are common in the U.S. but their prevalence varies by socioeconomic status. It is unclear if early or later life socioeconomic position (SEP) is a more salient driver of disparities in immune control of these infections. Using data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, we examined whether early or later life SEP was the strongest predictor of immune control later in life by contrasting two life course models, the critical period model and the chain of risk model. Early life SEP was measured as a latent variable, derived from parental education and occupation, and food availability. Indicators for SEP in later life included education level and occupation. Individuals were categorized by immune response to each pathogen (seronegative, low, medium and high) with increasing immune response representing poorer immune control. Cumulative immune response was estimated using a latent profile analysis with higher total immune response representing poorer immune control. Structural equation models were used to examine direct, indirect and total effects of early life SEP on each infection and cumulative immune response, controlling for age and gender. The direct effect of early life SEP on immune response was not statistically significant for the infections or cumulative immune response. Higher early life SEP was associated with lower immune response for T. gondii, H. pylori and cumulative immune response through pathways mediated by later life SEP. For CMV, higher early life SEP was both directly associated and partially mediated by later life SEP. No association was found between SEP and HSV-1. Findings from this study support a chain of risk model, whereby early life SEP acts through later life SEP to affect immune response to persistent infections in older age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.