ArticleBMJ open2016
Metformin and other glucose-lowering drug initiation and rates of community-based antibiotic use and hospital-treated infections in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study.
Article in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Data source profile reporting by studies that use routinely collected health data to explore the effects of drug treatment.BMC medical research methodology · 2023Pooled it
- The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2019Pooled it
- The effect of metformin treatment during primary influenza infection on heterologous challenge in young and aged mice.Frontiers in aging · 2026Article
- Impact of diabetes medications and HbA1c levels on abdominoplasty and panniculectomy outcomes.JPRAS open · 2025Article
- Risk of Infections with SGLT2 Inhibitors Versus DPP4 Inhibitors: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using Antibiotic Dispensing Data.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Metformin Enhances Doxycycline Efficacy AgainstMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Using Pharmacoepidemiology to Examine the Interplay of Sulfonylureas and Infection Risk in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2025Article
- Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with SGLT2 Inhibitors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Urinary Tract Infections and Fungal Infections Associated with Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors and Metformin Combination: A Real-World Study from 2013 to 2023 Based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2024Article
- Modulating the antibacterial effect of the existing antibiotics along with repurposing drug metformin.Archives of microbiology · 2024Article
- Old drug, new tricks: the utility of metformin in infection and vaccination responses to influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in older adults.Frontiers in aging · 2023Review
- Metformin reverse minocycline to inhibit minocycline-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by destroy the outer membrane and enhance membrane potential in vitro.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Protection by metformin against severe Covid-19: An in-depth mechanistic analysis.Diabetes & metabolism · 2022Review
- Use of oral anti-diabetic drugs and risk of hospital and intensive care unit admissions for infections.The American journal of the medical sciences · 2022Article
- A Clinical Perspective of the Multifaceted Mechanism of Metformin in Diabetes, Infections, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Cancer.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Metformin use and the risk of bacterial pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The cumulative dose-dependent effects of metformin on the development of tuberculosis in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2021Article
- Long-term metformin use and risk of pneumonia and related death in type 2 diabetes: a registry-based cohort study.Diabetologia · 2021Article
- Young at Gut-Turning Back the Clock with the Gut Microbiome.Microorganisms · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveData on early risk of infection in patients receiving their first treatment for type 2 diabetes are limited. We examined rates of community-based antibiotic use and hospital-treated infection in initiators of metformin and other glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs).
designPopulation-based cohort study using medical databases.
settingGeneral practice and hospitals in Denmark.
participants131 949 patients with type 2 diabetes who initiated pharmacotherapy with a GLD between 2005 and 2012. EXPOSURE: Initial GLD used for pharmacotherapy.
main outcome measuresWe computed rates and adjusted HRs of community-based antibiotic use and hospital-treated infection associated with choice of initial GLD with reference to metformin initiation, using an intention-to-treat approach.
resultsThe rate of community-based antibiotic use was 362 per 1000 patient-years at risk (PYAR) and that for hospital-treated infection was 51 per 1000 PYAR. Compared with metformin, the risk of hospital-treated infection was slightly higher in sulfonylurea initiators (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.16) and substantially higher in insulin initiators (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.54 to 1.72) initiators after adjustment for comorbid conditions, comedications and other confounding factors. In contrast, virtually no difference was observed for overall community-based antibiotic use (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04, for sulfonylurea initiators; and 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07, for insulin initiators).
conclusionsRates of community-based antibiotic treatment and hospitalisation for infection were high in patients receiving their first treatment for type 2 diabetes and differed with the choice of initial GLD used for pharmacotherapy.
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