ReviewScience advances2016
Formation of the Isthmus of Panama.
Review in Science advances, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 175 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
175 citing papers in PubMed.
- Atlantic forest origins and Amazon connections: the evolutionary history of Adenocalymma.Annals of botany · 2026Article
- The Evolutionary History of Dragon Lizards (Squamata: Agamidae) Revealed by Phylogenomics.Systematic biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Ecological and genomic signatures of the convergent evolution of planktivory in fossil and living reef fishes over deep time.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Cryptic Diversity and Impacts of Domestication in the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Genome.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Comparative Genomics of Transisthmian Damselfishes (Abudefduf saxatilis and A. troschelii).Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Phylogenetic Analyses of True Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) Reveal Directionality in Diet Evolution and Support a Boreotropical Origin of the Tribe.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Phylogeography and population genetics of the white spotted eagle ray, Aetobatus laticeps Gill, 1865, in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.PloS one · 2026Article
- The cumulative consequences of multispecies invasions and the great shuffle of biodiversity.Bioscience · 2026Review
- Early Oldowan technology thrived during Pliocene environmental change in the Turkana Basin, Kenya.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Reviewing the Great American Biotic Interchange: climate change as a trigger for biodiversity dispersal.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Review
- 100-kyr climate cycles caused by 2.4-Myr eccentricity-modulated carbon cycles.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Multilocus phylogeny and phylogeographical patterns suggest the need for a comprehensive revision of the systematics of Stelliferinae Sasaki, 1989 (Sciaenidae, Acanthuriformes).Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Historical ecology of the Southern Central American Pacific coast.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Biogeographic patterns of modern benthic shallow-water molluscs and the roles of temperature and palaeogeographic legacy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- FirstProceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Snake Venomics of the Arboreal Talamancan Palm-Pitviper,Journal of proteome research · 2025Article
- Two major ecological shifts shaped 60 million years of ungulate faunal evolution.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Population Dynamics ofEcology and evolution · 2025Article
- Regional restructuring in planktic foraminifera communities through Pliocene-early Pleistocene climate variability.Nature communications · 2025Article
115 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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35 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent studies suggest that the Isthmus formed many millions of years earlier than the widely recognized age of approximately 3 million years ago (Ma), a result that if true would revolutionize our understanding of environmental, ecological, and evolutionary change across the Americas. To bring clarity to the question of when the Isthmus of Panama formed, we provide an exhaustive review and reanalysis of geological, paleontological, and molecular records. These independent lines of evidence converge upon a cohesive narrative of gradually emerging land and constricting seaways, with formation of the Isthmus of Panama sensu stricto around 2.8 Ma. The evidence used to support an older isthmus is inconclusive, and we caution against the uncritical acceptance of an isthmus before the Pliocene.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.