ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2016
Effects of hormonal contraception on systemic metabolism: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Varying Influence of Menstrual Cycle Phase and Hormonal Contraceptive Use on Resistance Exercise-Induced Circulating Extracellular Vesicle and Metabolite Signalling.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Trial
- Impact of Distinct Antiandrogen Exposures on the Plasma Metabolome in Feminizing Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Trial
- Ethinylestradiol in combined hormonal contraceptive has a broader effect on serum proteome compared with estradiol valerate: a randomized controlled trial.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Impact of Estetrol Combined with Drospirenone on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Patients with Endometriosis: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study.Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/HemostasisTrial
- Use of an AI metabolomics score to predict cardiovascular risk among patients with Psoriasis in the MGB and UK Biobanks.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2027Article
- Ethinylestradiol-Levonorgestrel Bait Impairs Testicular Function, Triggers Germ Cell Apoptosis, and Alters Health Markers in Male Rats: Implications for Wildlife Fertility.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Ovarian cancer tumor immune profiles associated with intrauterine device and oral contraceptive use.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Prevalence, diagnosis, and management of dysmenorrhea among Polish women: a cross-sectional study.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Determinants of the Ketone Body β-Hydroxybutyrate in the General Population.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex Hormone Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Metabolic and Weight Observations in Four Women Using Triphasic Norgestimate/Ethinylestradiol: A Six-month Descriptive Case Series.Open access journal of contraception · 2026Article
- Hormone Profiles After Planned Low Energy Availability Exposure in Naturally Menstruating and Hormonal Contraceptive Using Physique Athletes.European journal of sport science · 2025Observational
- Oral Contraceptive Use and Reproductive History in Relation to Metabolic Syndrome Among Women from KNHANES 2010-2023.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Cross-sectional and longitudinal metabolomics-based profiles associated with oral contraceptive and progestin-only pill use: A Finnish population-based study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Extensive modulation of the circulating blood proteome by hormonal contraceptive use across two population studies.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Moderate Associations Between the Use of Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine Device and Metabolomics Profile.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Associations between common contraceptive use and circulating inflammatory biomarkers.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 11 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHormonal contraception is commonly used worldwide, but its systemic effects across lipoprotein subclasses, fatty acids, circulating metabolites and cytokines remain poorly understood.
methodsA comprehensive molecular profile (75 metabolic measures and 37 cytokines) was measured for up to 5841 women (age range 24-49 years) from three population-based cohorts. Women using combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) or progestin-only contraceptives (POCs) were compared with those who did not use hormonal contraception. Metabolomics profiles were reassessed for 869 women after 6 years to uncover the metabolic effects of starting, stopping and persistently using hormonal contraception.
resultsThe comprehensive molecular profiling allowed multiple new findings on the metabolic associations with the use of COCPs. They were positively associated with lipoprotein subclasses, including all high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses. The associations with fatty acids and amino acids were strong and variable in direction. COCP use was negatively associated with albumin and positively associated with creatinine and inflammatory markers, including glycoprotein acetyls and several growth factors and interleukins. Our findings also confirmed previous results e.g. for increased circulating triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. Starting COCPs caused similar metabolic changes to those observed cross-sectionally: the changes were maintained in consistent users and normalized in those who stopped using. In contrast, POCs were only weakly associated with metabolic and inflammatory markers. Results were consistent across all cohorts and for different COCP preparations and different types of POC delivery.
conclusionsUse of COCPs causes widespread metabolic and inflammatory effects. However, persistent use does not appear to accumulate the effects over time and the metabolic perturbations are reversed upon discontinuation. POCs have little effect on systemic metabolism and inflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.