Trial reportPloS one2016
Optical Defocus Rapidly Changes Choroidal Thickness in Schoolchildren.
Trial report in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06527274 (Effect of Defocus in Soft Contact Lenses on Internal Retinal Vascularization), which is not on this map. Cited by 77 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Defocus in Soft Contact Lenses on Internal Retinal Vascularization
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 125 citations in OpenAlex.
- Short-term effects of distant-image screen and myopic defocus on choroidal thickness in children: a randomized pilot clinical trial.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- Choroidal Changes During and After Discontinuing Long-Term 0.01% Atropine Treatment for Myopia Control.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Trial
- Effect of spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets on choroidal thickness in myopic children: a 2-year randomised clinical trial.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2023Trial
- Additive effect of atropine eye drops and short-term retinal defocus on choroidal thickness in children with myopia.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Sustained Plus Lens Defocus Alters Retinal Responses and Ciliary Muscle Morphology In Myopes and Near-emmetropes.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Impact of Optical Coherence Tomography Scan Pattern and Chorio-Scleral Interface Delineation on Choroidal Vascularity Index Measurements.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Changes in choroidal and retinal thickness 6 months before and during 18 months of orthokeratology lens treatment in myopic children.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Article
- Variations of axial eye shortening in response to positive defocus over the day.Journal of optometry · 2026Article
- Effect of combining peripheral defocus spectacle lens wear with 0.01% atropine.Annals of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Real-Life Orthokeratology for Myopia Control in Hungarian Children: A Five-Year Study of Axial Length Changes.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of Myopia Control Interventions on Choroidal Thickness in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Ophthalmology science · 2026Review
- Short-term exposure to cyan light attenuates myopigenic effects of hyperopic defocus on ocular biometry in humans.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association between dry eye and myopia in schoolchildren: current evidence and possible mechanisms.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Effect of a longpass filter on myopic defocus-induced changes in axial length and choroid thickness.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- The Influence of Highly Aspherical Lenslets on Choroidal Thickness and Axial Length.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The Ocular Parameter Changes Caused by Reading With Remote Image Optical Screen.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Effect of Low-Dose Atropine on Choroidal Thickness in Children With Myopia Progression.Cureus · 2025Article
- Choroidal Features of Cynomolgus Macaques in Relation to Age and Axial Length.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- The Peripheral Defocus Designed Spectacle Lenses Might Increase Astigmatism in Myopic Children.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Correlation of contrast sensitivity at low spatial frequencies with myopic shift in Chinese children.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the short-term choroidal response to optical defocus in schoolchildren. Myopic schoolchildren aged 8-16 were randomly allocated to control group (CG), myopic defocus group (MDG) and hyperopic defocus group (HDG) (n = 17 per group). Children in MDG and HDG received additional +3D and -3D lenses, respectively, to their full corrections on the right eyes. Full correction was given to their left eyes, and on both eyes in the CG. Axial length (AXL) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) were then measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Children wore their group-specific correction for 2 hours after which any existing optical defocus was removed, and subjects wore full corrections for another 2 hours. Both the AXL and SFChT were recorded hourly for 4 hours. The mean refraction of all subjects was -3.41 ± 0.37D (± SEM). SFChT thinned when exposed to hyperopic defocus for 2 hours but less thinning was observed in response to myopic defocus compared to the control group (p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA). Removal of optical defocus significantly decreased SFChT in the MDG and significantly increased SFChT in the HDG after 1 and 2 hours (mean percentage change at 2-hour; control vs. hyperopic defocus vs. myopic defocus; -0.33 ± 0.59% vs. 3.04 ± 0.60% vs. -1.34 ± 0.74%, p < 0.01). Our results showed short-term exposure to myopic defocus induced relative choroidal thickening while hyperopic defocus led to choroidal thinning in children. This rapid and reversible choroidal response may be an important clinical parameter in gauging retinal response to optical defocus in human myopia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.