SynthesisPloS one2016
Evaluation of Immunofluorescence Antibody Test Used for the Diagnosis of Canine Leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances and Challenges in the Diagnosis of Vector-Borne Protozoal Infections in Veterinary Medicine.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Evaluating the stability of antibody titres against Leishmania infantum determined by IFAT in long-term stored canine frozen samples.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Comparison of ELISA and IFAT for Leishmania infantum by European and Middle Eastern diagnostic laboratories.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- First Evidence ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.Veterinary sciences · 2022Review
- Retrospective Longitudinal Survey on Canine Vector-Borne Pathogens: Trends and Challenges of 10 Years of Activities of a Veterinary Blood Bank.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- Canine leishmaniosis in Tunisia: Growing prevalence, larger zones of infection.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Molecular Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis: Quantification of Parasite Load by a Real-Time PCR Assay with High Sensitivity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Canine Leishmaniasis Prevalence in the Slovenian Dog Population.Journal of veterinary research · 2021Article
- Urine-Based Molecular Diagnostic Tests for Leishmaniasis Infection in Human and Canine Populations: A Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Use of GnRH Agonist in Dogs Affected with Leishmaniosis.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Investigation of canine visceral leishmaniasis in a non-endemic area in Brazil and the comparison of serological and molecular diagnostic tests.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2021Article
- Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with exposure to Leishmania infantum in dogs, in an endemic Mediterranean region.PloS one · 2021Article
- Detecting antibodies to Leishmania infantum in horses from areas with different epizooticity levels of canine leishmaniosis and a retrospective revision of Italian data.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- Comparison of a qualitative immunochromatographic test with two quantitative serological assays for the detection of antibodies to Leishmania infantum in dogs.Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · 2019Article
- Serological and Molecular Findings ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Dihydropyridine Fluorophores Allow for Specific Detection of Human Antibodies in Serum.ACS omega · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
With an expected sensitivity (Se) of 96% and specificity (Sp) of 98%, the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) is frequently used as a reference test to validate new diagnostic methods and estimate the canine leihmaniasis (CanL) true prevalence in the Mediterranean basin. To review the diagnostic accuracy of IFAT to diagnose CanL in this area with reference to its Se and Sp and elucidate the potential causes of their variations, a systematic review was conducted (31 studies for the 26-year period). Three IFAT validation methods stood out: the classical contingency table method, methods based on statistical models and those based on experimental studies. A variation in the IFAT Se and Sp values and cut-off values was observed. For the classical validation method based on a meta-analysis, the Se of IFAT was estimated in this area as 89.86% and 31.25% in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs, respectively. The Sp of IFAT was estimated in non-endemic and endemic areas as 98.12% and 96.57%, respectively. IFAT can be considered as a good standard test in non-endemic areas for CanL, but its accuracy declines in endemic areas due to the complexity of the disease. Indeed, the accuracy of IFAT is due to the negative results obtained in non-infected dogs from non-endemic areas and to the positive results obtained in sera of symptomatic dogs living in endemic areas. But IFAT results are not unequivocal when it comes to determining CanL infection on asymptomatic dogs living in endemic areas. Statistical methods might be a solution to overcome the lack of gold standard, to better categorize groups of animals investigated, to assess optimal cut-off values and to allow a better estimate of the true prevalence aiming information on preventive/control measures for CanL.
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