ArticleAIDS (London, England)2016
Human vaginal fluid contains exosomes that have an inhibitory effect on an early step of the HIV-1 life cycle.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular Particles Isolated from Leftover Discarded Formalin-Fixed Tissues Exhibit Atypical Extracellular RNA Profiles.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Seminal Vesicle-Derived Exosomes for the Regulation of Sperm Activity.Advances in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology · 2026Review
- Comparative Proteomics of Seminal Exosomes Reveals Size-Exclusion Chromatography Outperforms Ultracentrifugation.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Efficient methods of isolation and purification of extracellular vesicles.Nano convergence · 2025Review
- Lipidomic and proteomic insights from extracellular vesicles in the postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reveal substance use disorder-induced brain changes.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Harnessing microbial nanobiotics: Lactobacillus extracellular vesicles as next-generation therapeutics across physiological systems.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Review
- Rigorous Process for Isolation of Gut-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and the Effect on Latent HIV.Cells · 2025Article
- Cervical mucus in linked human Cervix and Vagina Chips modulates vaginal dysbiosis.npj women's health · 2025Article
- From stem cells to extracellular vesicles: a new horizon in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.Cytotechnology · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Transporters.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) treatment counteracts SIV-induced modulation of proinflammatory microRNA cargo in basal ganglia-derived extracellular vesicles.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Article
- Regenerative therapy by using mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes in COVID-19 treatment. The potential role and underlying mechanisms.Regenerative therapy · 2022Review
- Emerging roles for AQP in mammalian extracellular vesicles.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes · 2022Review
- The CD8Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2021Review
- Human Placenta Exosomes: Biogenesis, Isolation, Composition, and Prospects for Use in Diagnostics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Nanotechnology for virus treatment.Nano today · 2021Review
- Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes as an Antimicrobial Weapon for Orodental Infections.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Role in Remote Signaling and Inflammation inFrontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Extracellular Vesicles as a New Promising Therapy in HIV Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveVaginal transmission is crucial to the spread of HIV-1 around the world. It is not yet clear what type (s) of innate defenses against HIV-1 infection are present in the vagina. Here, we aimed to determine whether human vaginal fluid contains exosomes that may possess anti-HIV-1 activity.
methodsThe exosomal fraction was isolated from samples of vaginal fluids. The presence of exosomes was confirmed by flow cytometry and western blotting. The newly discovered exosomes were tested for their ability to block early steps of HIV-1 infection in vitro using established cell culture systems and real time PCR-based methods.
resultsVaginal fluid contains exosomes expressing CD9, CD63, and CD81 exosomal markers. The exosomal fraction of the fluid-reduced transmission of HIV-1 vectors by 60%, the efficiency of reverse transcription step by 58.4%, and the efficiency of integration by 47%. Exosomes had no effect on the entry of HIV-1 vectors.
conclusionHuman vaginal fluid exosomes are newly discovered female innate defenses that may protect women against HIV-1 infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.