ArticleReports of biochemistry & molecular biology2016
Ricin Toxicity: Clinical and Molecular Aspects.
Article in Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Potential and Industrial Applications ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
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- Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia following ricin intoxication: a case report.European heart journal. Case reports · 2026Article
- PROTAC-Mediated Ternary Complex Stability with Ricin Toxin A: A Computational Perspective.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with castor bean (Avicenna journal of phytomedicine · 2026Article
- Exploring the Therapeutic Potential ofAnti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Ricinine toxicity in susceptible lepidoptera involves perturbations inFrontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Exo-Tox: Identifying Exotoxins from secreted bacterial proteins.BioData mining · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the Functional Properties and Edible Safety of Concocted Xanthii Fructus Protein.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Rapid and Highly Sensitive Detection of Ricin in Biological Fluids Using Optical Modulation Biosensing.Biosensors · 2025Article
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- Establishment and Comparison of Detection Methods for Ricin and Abrin Based on Their Depurination Activities.Toxins · 2025Article
- Valorization of Oil Cakes in Two-Pot Lactone Biosynthesis Process.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Chemical Warfare Through the Ages: A Systematic Review From Antiquity to the Present.Journal of toxicology · 2025Review
- Repellency Effect of Hydro-AlcoholicJournal of arthropod-borne diseases · 2024Article
- Development of a Graphene Oxide-Based Aptamer Nanoarray for Improved Neutralization and Protection Effects Against Ricin.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- A Newly Validated HPLC-DAD Method for the Determination of Ricinoleic Acid (RA) in PLGA Nanocapsules.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- An Efficient and Rapid Protocol for Somatic Shoot Organogenesis from Juvenile Hypocotyl-Derived Callus of Castor Bean cv. Zanzibar Green.Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2024Article
- Metal-Free Cascade Formation of C-C and C-N Bond for the Construction of 3-Cyano-2-Pyridones with Insecticidal Properties.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Seeds of the castor bean plant Ricinuscommunis L (CB) contain ricin toxin (RT), one of the most poisonous naturally-occurring substances known. Ricin toxin, a water-soluble glycoprotein that does not partition into the oil extract, is a ribosome-inactivating toxin composed of two chains, labeled A and B. Severity of the toxicity varies depending on the route of exposure to the toxin. Inhalational is the most toxic route, followed by oral ingestion. Orally-ingested RT accumulates in the liver and spleen but other cells are also affected. The main clinical manifestations are also related to the administration route. Oral ingestion of CB or RT results in abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and various types of gastrointestinal bleeding that leading to volume depletion, hypovolemic shock, and renal failure. Inhalation of the toxin presents with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, diffuse necrotizing pneumonia, interstitial and alveolar inflammation, and edema. Local injection of RT induces indurations at the injection site, swelling of regional lymph nodes, hypotension, and death. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to detect RT in animal tissues and fluids. Ricinine, an alkaloid of CB, can be detected in rat urine within 48 h of RT exposure. Supportive care is the basic treatment and standard biowarfare decontamination protocols are used for RT intoxication. Dexamethasone and difluoromethylornithine might be effective treatments. This review examines the clinical and molecular aspects of ricin toxicity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
27536698PMC4986263W2519505900What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.