ReviewPsychology research and behavior management2016
Muscle dysmorphia: current insights.
Review in Psychology research and behavior management, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The association between muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptomatology: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2019Pooled it
- The impact of peer and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia for men and women in the general German population is mediated by the internalization of muscularity ideals.Journal of eating disorders · 2026Article
- Associations between muscle dysmorphia-related body image concerns, physical activity, and body composition: a cross-sectional study among young Asian adults in Malaysia.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2026Article
- Positive, Neutral, or Just Normal? A Focus Group Study on Adolescents' Knowledge, Familiarity and Perceived Effectiveness of Body Positivity and Body Neutrality on Social Media.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- "I wanna live in a world where change is possible": co-designing guidance for inclusive eating, exercise, and body image psychopathology outreach resources for men.Journal of eating disorders · 2026Article
- Muscle dysmorphia in adolescents and young adults.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2026Review
- The Burden of the Perfect Frame: A Scoping Review on Personality and Muscle Dysmorphia.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Associations in intentions to use anabolic-androgenic steroids among non-consuming boys and men with probable eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia.Journal of eating disorders · 2025Article
- Tendencies of eating disordered behaviours in male content creators: a social media analysis.Journal of eating disorders · 2025Article
- Body Checking Behaviors Among Boys and Men With Muscle Dysmorphia, Anorexia Nervosa, and Atypical Anorexia Nervosa.The International journal of eating disorders · 2025Article
- Prevalence and correlates of muscle dysmorphia in a sample of boys and men in Canada and the United States.Journal of eating disorders · 2025Article
- Self-objectification and commentary on physical appearance predict exercise dependence in young Chinese males: a study from a cognitive-behavioral perspective.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Exploring the Role of Discrepancy Stress and Muscle Dysmorphia in the Association Between Gender Role Discrepancy and Masculine Depression in Israeli Men.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- Muscle Dysmorphia in Gym-Going Men: The Role of Narcissism Vulnerability and Perfectionism.Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2024Article
- Improvements in Adolescents' Disordered Eating Behaviors in a Collaborative Care Digital Mental Health Intervention: Retrospective Observational Study.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- Exploring risk factors of drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia in male adolescents from a resource-limited setting in Burkina Faso.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the short 9-item drive for muscularity scale (DMS-9).BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- A Qualitative Study on Young Men's Experiences of Intentional Weight-Gain.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Validation of the Arabic version of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (Ar-MDDI) among Lebanese male university students.Journal of eating disorders · 2023Article
- Psychometric Evaluation of the Drive for Muscularity Scale and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Brazilian Cisgender Gay and Bisexual Adult Men.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since 1997, there has been increasing research focusing on muscle dysmorphia, a condition underpinned by people's beliefs that they have insufficient muscularity, in both the Western and non-Western medical and scientific communities. Much of this empirical interest has surveyed nonclinical samples, and there is limited understanding of people with the condition beyond knowledge about their characteristics. Much of the existing knowledge about people with the condition is unsurprising and inherent in the definition of the disorder, such as dissatisfaction with muscularity and adherence to muscle-building activities. Only recently have investigators started to explore questions beyond these limited tautological findings that may give rise to substantial knowledge advances, such as the examination of masculine and feminine norms. There is limited understanding of additional topics such as etiology, prevalence, nosology, prognosis, and treatment. Further, the evidence is largely based on a small number of unstandardized case reports and descriptive studies (involving small samples), which are largely confined to Western (North American, British, and Australian) males. Although much research has been undertaken since the term "muscle dysmorphia" entered the psychiatric lexicon in 1997, there remains tremendous scope for knowledge advancement. A primary task in the short term is for investigators to examine the extent to which the condition exists among well-defined populations to help determine the justification for research funding relative to other public health issues. A greater variety of research questions and designs may contribute to a broader and more robust knowledge base than currently exists. Future work will help clinicians assist a group of people whose quality of life and health are placed at risk by their muscular preoccupation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.