ArticleFrontiers of medicine2016
p-Cresyl sulfate promotes the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and induces plaque instability by targeting vascular smooth muscle cells.
Article in Frontiers of medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Targeting Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Challenges and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Toxins · 2026Review
- Association of SerumJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A sulfotransferase from a gut microbe acts on diverse phenolic sulfate compounds, including acetaminophen sulfate.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Toxins and the Kidneys: A Two-Way Street.Toxins · 2025Review
- Uremic serum exposure leads to differential phenotypic switch in porcine arterial and venous smooth muscle cells.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2025Article
- The Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Culprits in Chronic Kidney Disease: Mineral Imbalance and Uremic Toxin Accumulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- SerumDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Benefits and Pitfalls of Uraemic Toxin Measurement in Peritoneal Dialysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The AKI-to-CKD Transition: The Role of Uremic Toxins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- The Role of Gut-Derived, Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins in the Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Kidney Injury.Toxins · 2022Review
- Review
- Optimal timing of coronary angiograms for patients with chronic kidney disease: association between the duration of kidney dysfunction and SYNTAX scores.Renal failure · 2021Article
- The gut-cardiovascular connection: new era for cardiovascular therapy.Medical review (2021) · 2021Review
- Arterial Remodelling in Chronic Kidney Disease: Impact of Uraemic Toxins and New Pharmacological Approaches.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with renal dysfunction: Pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment challenges.World journal of gastroenterology · 2021Review
- Contribution of Gut Microbiota-Derived Uremic Toxins to the Cardiovascular System Mineralization.Toxins · 2021Review
- Uraemic toxins impair skeletal muscle regeneration by inhibiting myoblast proliferation, reducing myogenic differentiation, and promoting muscular fibrosis.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis is a major complication of chronic kidney disease. This condition contributes to the increased mortality in dialysis patients. p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS) is a prototype of protein-bound uremic toxins that cannot be efficiently removed through routine dialysis procedures. In the present study, ApoE(-/-) mice that underwent 5/6 nephrectomy were randomly divided into two groups, namely, vehicle-treated group (n = 20) and PCS-treated group (n = 20). Mice were sacrificed for en face and immunohistological analyses after 8 or 24 weeks of high-fat diet. Rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated with phosphate buffer solution or 500 μmol/L PCS for in vitro evaluation. PCS-treated mice were observed to suffer increased atherosclerotic lesions after eight weeks of PCS administration. Moreover, 24 weeks of PCS administration also markedly increased the vulnerability index of aortic plaques. PCS was also observed to facilitate the migration and proliferation of VSMCs during the progression of the disease. Moreover, PCS disturbed the balance between matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases within the plaques. Thus, PCS played a vital role in promoting atherogenesis and disturbing the stability of formed plaques probably by targeting VSMCs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.