Trial reportCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2016
Intratumoral interferon-gamma increases chemokine production but fails to increase T cell infiltration of human melanoma metastases.
Trial report in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phase I/II trial of a long peptide vaccine (LPV7) plus toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists with or without incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) for resected high-risk melanoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Trial
- Adaptive resistance in cancer immunotherapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Monitoring T-Cell Activation in the Tumor Microenvironment by PET Imaging of the Chemokine CXCL9.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2025Article
- The dark matter in cancer immunology: beyond the visible- unveiling multiomics pathways to breakthrough therapies.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Cross-Tissue Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Genes Associated With POAG.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Intratumoral administration of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine delays melanoma growth in mice.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and Emerging Intralesional Immunotherapies for Metastatic Melanoma: A Review.Current oncology reports · 2024Review
- Barriers to immune cell infiltration in tumors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Review
- Intratumoral IFN-γ or topical TLR7 agonist promotes infiltration of melanoma metastases by T lymphocytes expanded in the blood after cancer vaccine.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- CXCL9-modified CAR T cells improve immune cell infiltration and antitumor efficacy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2022Article
- Interferon-γ induces immunosuppression in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma by regulating programmed death ligand 1 secretion.International journal of oral science · 2022Article
- Peptide emulsions in incomplete Freund's adjuvant create effective nurseries promoting egress of systemic CD4Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Review
- Interferon-γ: teammate or opponent in the tumour microenvironment?Nature reviews. Immunology · 2022Review
- Interferon gamma-related gene signature based on anti-tumor immunity predicts glioma patient prognosis.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Key chemokines direct migration of immune cells in solid tumors.Cancer gene therapy · 2022Review
- Review
- Intratumoural administration and tumour tissue targeting of cancer immunotherapies.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2021Review
- Bifunctional iRGD-anti-CD3 enhances antitumor potency of T cells by facilitating tumor infiltration and T-cell activation.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Article
- Differentiation and Regulation of TFrontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionOptimal approaches to induce T cell infiltration of tumors are not known. Chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 support effector T cell recruitment and may be induced by IFN. This study tests the hypothesis that intratumoral administration of IFNγ will induce CXCL9-11 and will induce T cell recruitment and anti-tumor immune signatures in melanoma metastases. PATIENTS AND
methodsNine eligible patients were immunized with a vaccine comprised of 12 class I MHC-restricted melanoma peptides and received IFNγ intratumorally. Effects on the tumor microenvironment were evaluated in sequential tumor biopsies. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. T cell responses to vaccination were assessed in PBMC by IFNγ ELISPOT assay. Tumor biopsies were evaluated for immune cell infiltration, chemokine protein expression, and gene expression.
resultsVaccination and intratumoral administration of IFNγ were well tolerated. Circulating T cell responses to vaccine were detected in six of nine patients. IFNγ increased production of chemokines CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5 in patient tumors. Neither vaccination alone, nor the addition of IFNγ promoted immune cell infiltration or induced anti-tumor immune gene signatures.
conclusionThe melanoma vaccine induced circulating T cell responses, but it failed to infiltrate metastases, thus highlighting the need for combination strategies to support T cell infiltration. A single intratumoral injection of IFNγ induced T cell-attracting chemokines; however, it also induced secondary immune regulation that may paradoxically limit immune infiltration and effector functions. Alternate dosing strategies or additional combinatorial treatments may be needed to promote trafficking and retention of tumor-reactive T cells in melanoma metastases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.