ReviewActa neuropathologica2016
Vascular, glial, and lymphatic immune gateways of the central nervous system.
Review in Acta neuropathologica, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 224 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
224 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 350 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain lymphatic drainage pathways, deep cervical lymphatic surgery, and current insights: A systematic review.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Pooled it
- MRI-Based Demonstration of the Normal Glymphatic System in a Human Population: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- The Amyloid-β Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Intrathecal drug delivery in the era of nanomedicine.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Novel Therapeutic Insights Into Alzheimer's Disease: Glymphatic System and Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels.Aging cell · 2026Review
- Leptomeningeal fibroblasts promote glioblastoma progression by regulating cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bioactive dietary polyphenols modulate hippocampal inflammasome activation and sex-specific affective behavioral deficits following peripheral Foxp3Research square · 2026Article
- Brain barriers at the crossroads of glioma immune surveillance and immunotherapy response.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Radiotherapy-Associated Systemic Antitumor Responses Beyond the Classical Abscopal Paradigm.Cancers · 2026Review
- Early Combined B-Cell Depletion and BTK Inhibition Reduced TLS-like Structures and Relapse in PLPInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Cribriform Plate: A Multifaceted Neuroimmune Hub in CNS Health and Disease.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- AMPAR immunization induces progressive autoimmune encephalitis with autoreactive B cells in the brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Primary Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury as a Risk Factor for (Cerebro)vascular Disorder: Clinical Manifestations, Blast Physics, Biomechanics, Pathobiology, and Critical Gaps.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- SV2A PET reveals synaptic density loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in a pilot multiple sclerosis study.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Intrahippocampal injection in mice used for experimental studies in Alzheimer's disease: a challenging procedure for neuroscience purposes.Journal of medicine and life · 2026Article
- The Glymphatic-Immune Axis in Glioblastoma: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Discovery of Abundant Nano-scale Lymphatic-like Vessels in Brains.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Anatomical characteristics and surgical strategies for skull base involvement from malignant tumors: a pilot observational study.Neurosurgical review · 2026Observational
- Some Basics on Innate Neuroimmunology for Nonspecialists.Neuroimmunomodulation · 2026Review
- Review
164 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has been ascribed to the presence of a blood-brain barrier and the lack of lymphatic vessels within the CNS parenchyma. However, immune reactions occur within the CNS and it is clear that the CNS has a unique relationship with the immune system. Recent developments in high-resolution imaging techniques have prompted a reassessment of the relationships between the CNS and the immune system. This review will take these developments into account in describing our present understanding of the anatomical connections of the CNS fluid drainage pathways towards regional lymph nodes and our current concept of immune cell trafficking into the CNS during immunosurveillance and neuroinflammation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid are the two major components that drain from the CNS to regional lymph nodes. CSF drains via lymphatic vessels and appears to carry antigen-presenting cells. Interstitial fluid from the CNS parenchyma, on the other hand, drains to lymph nodes via narrow and restricted basement membrane pathways within the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries that do not allow traffic of antigen-presenting cells. Lymphocytes targeting the CNS enter by a two-step process entailing receptor-mediated crossing of vascular endothelium and enzyme-mediated penetration of the glia limitans that covers the CNS. The contribution of the pathways into and out of the CNS as initiators or contributors to neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, will be discussed. Furthermore, we propose a clear nomenclature allowing improved precision when describing the CNS-specific communication pathways with the immune system.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.