ArticleMalaria journal2016
Plasma levels of Galectin-9 reflect disease severity in malaria infection.
Article in Malaria journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increased interleukin-6 levels associated with malaria infection and disease severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Clinical Value of Galectin-9, Soluble TREM-1, and Soluble CD25 Among Critically Ill Patients with Organ Failure in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Observational Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Dichotomous effects of Galectin-9 in disease modulation in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025Article
- Article
- Galectins in Protozoan Parasitic Diseases: Potential Applications in Diagnostics and Therapeutics.Cells · 2023Review
- Relation between Increased IL-10 Levels and Malaria Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Review
- The spectrum of clinical biomarkers in severe malaria and new avenues for exploration.Virulence · 2022Review
- Tim-3/Galectin-9 signaling pathway is involved in the cytokine changes in mice with alveolar echinococcosis.Molecular biology reports · 2022Article
- Targeting the CD146/Galectin-9 axis protects the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in experimental cerebral malaria.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2021Article
- The TIM3/Gal9 signaling pathway: An emerging target for cancer immunotherapy.Cancer letters · 2021Article
- High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Galectins - Important players of the immune response to CNS parasitic infection.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2021Review
- Proteomic blood profiling in mild, severe and critical COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Impact of Galectin-Receptor Interactions on Liver Pathology During the Erythrocytic Stage ofFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Plasma Levels of a Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 Are the Most Sensitive Biomarkers of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Tuberculosis Coinfection.Biomolecules · 2020Article
- Plasma Osteopontin Levels is Associated with Biochemical Markers of Kidney Injury in Patients with Leptospirosis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Elevated Levels of Galectin-9 but Not Osteopontin in HIV and Tuberculosis Infections Indicate Their Roles in Detecting MTB Infection in HIV Infected Individuals.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- The Role of Collectins and Galectins in Lung Innate Immune Defense.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- The roles of galectins in parasitic infections.Acta tropica · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGalectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that interacts with sugar moieties on glycoproteins and glycolipids of cells and pathogens. Gal-9 is known as an immune modulator that induces cell death via interaction with T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim3), a co-inhibitory receptor, and it inhibits production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6 and IL-1α) and enhances production of IL-10. To understand the immune pathology of malaria, the Gal-9 in plasma was measured.
methodsPlasma samples and clinical parameters were obtained from 50 acute malaria cases (nine severe and 41 uncomplicated cases) from Thailand at three time points: day 0, day 7 and day 28. Gal-9 levels were determined by ELISA. A total of 38 species of cytokines and chemokines were measured using a BioPlex assay.
resultsGal-9 levels were higher at day 0 compared to day 7 and day 28 (P < 0.0001). Gal-9 levels were also higher in severe malaria (SM) cases compared to uncomplicated (UM) cases at day 0 and day 7 (923 vs 617 pg/mL; P = 0.03, and 659 vs 348 pg/mL; P = 0.02 respectively). Median Gal-9 levels were higher in patients with blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio (BUN/creatinine) ≥20 (mg/dL) than in patients with BUN/creatinine <20 (mg/dL) at day 0 (817.3 vs 576.2 pg/mL, P = 0.007). Gal-9 was inversely significantly correlated with chloride levels in both SM and UM cases (r s = -0.73 and r s = -0.46, respectively). In both UM and SM cases, Gal-9 was significantly associated with pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF, IL-6, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-1Ra and IL-10. These correlations were observed at day 0 but disappeared at day 28.
conclusionsGal-9 is released during acute malaria, and reflects its severity. This elevation of Gal-9 in acute malaria infection raises the possibility of its role in termination of the immune response by binding to Tim-3, a receptor of Gal-9.
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