ArticleScientific reports2016
Long-Term Training with a Brain-Machine Interface-Based Gait Protocol Induces Partial Neurological Recovery in Paraplegic Patients.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 156 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Rehabilitative BCI for Lower Limb Function Recovery in Acute Ischemic Stroke
DiSCIoser: Unlocking Recovery Potential of Arm Sensorimotor Functions After Spinal Cord Injury by Promoting Activity-dependent Brain Plasticity and Modeling the Causal Relationship Between Brain Plasticity and Recovery of Function
Who cites it
156 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Evolution of brain-computer interface technologies for stroke rehabilitation: a bibliometric integration of neural decoding and functional recovery (2016-2025).Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- The impact of non-invasive brain-computer interface technology on the therapeutic effect of patients with spinal cord injury: a summary of evidence based on meta-analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Combined Use of EMG and EEG Techniques for Neuromotor Assessment in Rehabilitative Applications: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review Establishing the Current State-of-the-Art, the Limitations, and the DESIRED Checklist in Studies of Direct Neural Interfacing With Robotic Gait Devices in Stroke Rehabilitation.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- Walking speed is not the best outcome to evaluate the effect of robotic assisted gait training in people with motor incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review with meta-analysis.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Virtual Reality Applications for Neurological Disease: A Review.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2019Pooled it
- EEG-Based Control for Upper and Lower Limb Exoskeletons and Prostheses: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Pooled it
- Robotic assisted gait as a tool for rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2017Pooled it
- Enhanced rehabilitation for unstable pelvic tile C fractures: integrating mechanotherapy and early intervention.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Training with noninvasive brain-machine interface, tactile feedback, and locomotion to enhance neurological recovery in individuals with complete paraplegia: a randomized pilot study.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- An Exploratory EEG Analysis on the Effects of Virtual Reality in People with Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Trial
- The short-term effects of head-mounted virtual-reality on neuropathic pain intensity in people with spinal cord injury pain: a randomised cross-over pilot study.Spinal cord · 2021Trial
- In conversation with Miguel Nicolelis.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Cross-region neural signal reconstruction to lift electrode placement constraints in SSVEP brain-computer interfaces.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Article
- Robotic Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury: Neurophysiological Basis and Severity-Based Clinical Framework.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Motor Recovery After a Hemispherectomy: Review of Mechanisms and the Potential of Neuromodulation to Enhance Motor Outcomes.Journal of child neurology · 2026Review
- Application Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects of Brain-Computer Interface Technology in Radiation-Induced Brain Injury.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- EEG-Controlled Exoskeleton for Walking and Standing: A Longitudinal Multimodal Dataset of Healthy Individuals.Scientific data · 2026Article
96 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) provide a new assistive strategy aimed at restoring mobility in severely paralyzed patients. Yet, no study in animals or in human subjects has indicated that long-term BMI training could induce any type of clinical recovery. Eight chronic (3-13 years) spinal cord injury (SCI) paraplegics were subjected to long-term training (12 months) with a multi-stage BMI-based gait neurorehabilitation paradigm aimed at restoring locomotion. This paradigm combined intense immersive virtual reality training, enriched visual-tactile feedback, and walking with two EEG-controlled robotic actuators, including a custom-designed lower limb exoskeleton capable of delivering tactile feedback to subjects. Following 12 months of training with this paradigm, all eight patients experienced neurological improvements in somatic sensation (pain localization, fine/crude touch, and proprioceptive sensing) in multiple dermatomes. Patients also regained voluntary motor control in key muscles below the SCI level, as measured by EMGs, resulting in marked improvement in their walking index. As a result, 50% of these patients were upgraded to an incomplete paraplegia classification. Neurological recovery was paralleled by the reemergence of lower limb motor imagery at cortical level. We hypothesize that this unprecedented neurological recovery results from both cortical and spinal cord plasticity triggered by long-term BMI usage.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.