ArticleCell death & disease2016
Protein cross-linking by chlorinated polyamines and transglutamylation stabilizes neutrophil extracellular traps.
Article in Cell death & disease, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- In vitro induction of NETosis: Comprehensive live imaging comparison and systematic review.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Transglutaminase 2 regulates innate immunity: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Oncoimmunology · 2026Review
- Citrullinated histone H3 and elevated polyamine metabolism gene expression in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes as biomarkers for poor immunotherapy response in cancer patients.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Impact of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps on Clinical Outcome after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Translational Narrative Review.Translational stroke research · 2026Review
- The arginase-polyamine signaling axis in immune cells: Implications for immune modulation and host-pathogen interactions.iScience · 2026Review
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Wound Healing of Diabetes: Mechanisms, Inducers, and Therapeutic Implications.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Review
- A comprehensive insight into NETosis-extracellular vesicle crosstalk in autoimmune diseases.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Transglutaminase 1: Emerging Functions beyond Skin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Top Five Stories of the Cellular Landscape and Therapies of Atherosclerosis: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.Current medical science · 2024Review
- Types of Cell Death from a Molecular Perspective.Biology · 2023Review
- Review
- Neutrophil extracellular traps regulating tumorimmunity in hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Review
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Neutrophil-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Common Players in Neutrophil Effector Functions.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Neutrophil extracellular traps in chronic lung disease: implications for pathogenesis and therapy.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2022Review
- The emerging roles of neutrophil extracellular traps in wound healing.Cell death & disease · 2021Review
- Fungal-Induced Programmed Cell Death.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Plasma S-Adenosylmethionine Is Associated with Lung Injury in COVID-19.Disease markers · 2021Article
- On Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Removal: What We Know Thus Far and Why So Little.Cells · 2020Review
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Tied to Rheumatoid Arthritis: Points to Ponder.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) ejected from activated dying neutrophils is a highly ordered structure of DNA and selected proteins capable to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. Biochemical determinants of the non-randomly formed stable NETs have not been revealed so far. Studying the formation of human NETs we have observed that polyamines were incorporated into the NET. Inhibition of myeloperoxidase, which is essential for NET formation and can generate reactive chlorinated polyamines through hypochlorous acid, decreased polyamine incorporation. Addition of exogenous primary amines that similarly to polyamines inhibit reactions catalyzed by the protein cross-linker transglutaminases (TGases) has similar effect. Proteomic analysis of the highly reproducible pattern of NET components revealed cross-linking of NET proteins through chlorinated polyamines and ɛ(γ-glutamyl)lysine as well as bis-γ-glutamyl polyamine bonds catalyzed by the TGases detected in neutrophils. Competitive inhibition of protein cross-linking by monoamines disturbed the cross-linking pattern of NET proteins, which resulted in the loss of the ordered structure of the NET and significantly reduced capacity to trap bacteria. Our findings provide explanation of how NETs are formed in a reproducible and ordered manner to efficiently neutralize microorganisms at the first defense line of the innate immune system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.