ReviewNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2017
Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond.
Review in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 417 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
417 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 740 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-traumatic stress disorder moderates the association between BrainAge acceleration and GrimAge acceleration.Neurobiology of aging · 2026Pooled it
- Relationship Between Clusters of Multimorbidity and Dementia Risk: A Systematic Review.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of associations between emotion regulation characteristics and inflammation.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Candidate Biological Markers for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Reducing concerns about falling in older adults: evaluation of a multi-component intervention and the role of stress and inflammation markers - long-term effects of the FEARFALL randomized controlled trial.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2026Trial
- Effects of Dopaminergic Therapy with Levodopa (L-DOPA) on Fear and Anxiety-Related Circuits and Symptoms in Patients with Depression and Higher Inflammation.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Trial
- Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Pediatric Patients with Anxiety Disorders and Their Relationship to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment or Placebo.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Trial
- The immune phenotype of perinatal anxiety in an anxiety-focused behavioral intervention program in Pakistan.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Trial
- A perinatal coparenting intervention: Effects of a randomized trial on parent cardiometabolic risk and self-reported health.Biological psychology · 2023Trial
- Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with Alzheimer's disease-relevant molecular alterations in the basolateral amygdala of older Veterans.Neurobiology of aging · 2026Article
- Post-traumatic stress disorder: pathogenesis, epidemiological characteristics, animal models, and potential therapeutic strategies.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Increased Serum TNF-α Levels Are Associated With Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case-Control Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Sex-specific role of microglia in ΔNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Persistent behavioral, biological, and physiological sequelae in active-duty treatment-seeking U.S. special operations forces personnel: a cross-sectional study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Peritraumatic C-reactive protein levels predict pain outcomes following traumatic stress exposure in a sex-dependent manner.The journal of pain · 2026Article
- Advanced glycation end products and PTSD: molecular insights and dietary approaches for neuropsychiatric health.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Aripiprazole modulates splenic microbiota and immune response elicited by single prolonged stress in rats.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Article
- Unveiling the enigma of anxiety disorders and depression: from pathogenesis to treatment.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Uncovering causal associations between plasma proteins and psychiatric disorders and identifying comorbidity biomarkers: a mendelian randomization study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Visceral Adiposity Is Associated with Elevated Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Levels and Anxiety Symptoms in Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
357 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The study of inflammation in fear- and anxiety-based disorders has gained interest as growing literature indicates that pro-inflammatory markers can directly modulate affective behavior. Indeed, heightened concentrations of inflammatory signals, including cytokines and C-reactive protein, have been described in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), and phobias (agoraphobia, social phobia, etc.). However, not all reports indicate a positive association between inflammation and fear- and anxiety-based symptoms, suggesting that other factors are important in future assessments of inflammation's role in the maintenance of these disorders (ie, sex, co-morbid conditions, types of trauma exposure, and behavioral sources of inflammation). The most parsimonious explanation of increased inflammation in PTSD, GAD, PD, and phobias is via the activation of the stress response and central and peripheral immune cells to release cytokines. Dysregulation of the stress axis in the face of increased sympathetic tone and decreased parasympathetic activity characteristic of anxiety disorders could further augment inflammation and contribute to increased symptoms by having direct effects on brain regions critical for the regulation of fear and anxiety (such as the prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, and hippocampus). Taken together, the available data suggest that targeting inflammation may serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating these fear- and anxiety-based disorders in the future. However, the field must continue to characterize the specific role pro-inflammatory signaling in the maintenance of these unique psychiatric conditions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.