ArticleAnnals of general psychiatry2016
Relationship of suicide rates with climate and economic variables in Europe during 2000-2012.
Article in Annals of general psychiatry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Climate change and suicide epidemiology: a systematic review and meta-analysis of gender variations in global suicide rates.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Suicide and Associations with Air Pollution and Ambient Temperature: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health: A Systematic Descriptive Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Longer residence in disadvantaged neighborhoods predicts both a syndrome of despair and deaths of despair: Complementary evidence from nationwide register and birth-cohort studies.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Examining Ethnocultural Differences in Adolescent Suicide Ideation and the Role of Family Factors.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- The nature of depression and the biomedical model: ten questions in search of an answer.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- A systematic review of the association between climate change and suicidality reveals that climate indicators increase suicide rates.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Review
- Demographic, Sociocultural, and Time-Related Patterns of Violent Suicide Attempts.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- Validation of a machine learning model for indirect screening of suicidal ideation in the general population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Are season of birth, climate, and parental age predictors of adult temperament, character, anhedonia, suicidality, and self-harm?Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Suicidality Related to the COVID-19 Lockdown in Romania: Structural Equation Modeling.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Spain's suicide statistics: do we believe them?Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2021Article
- Characteristics of completed suicides after Greek financial crisis onset: A comparative time-series analysis study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2021Article
- Sex-specific and age-specific suicide mortality by method in 58 countries between 2000 and 2015.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2021Article
- Development of an Online Resource for People Bereaved by Suicide: A Mixed-Method User-Centered Study Protocol.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Meteorological Variables and Suicidal Behavior: Air Pollution and Apparent Temperature Are Associated With High-Lethality Suicide Attempts and Male Gender.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Acceleration of Anxiety, Depression, and Suicide: Secondary Effects of Economic Disruption Related to COVID-19.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Why Are Suicide Rates Increasing in the United States? Towards a Multilevel Reimagination of Suicide Prevention.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2020Review
- Sensitivity to Climate and Weather Changes in Euthymic Bipolar Subjects: Association With Suicide Attempts.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Research on the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of suicide: practical and ethical issues.BMC psychiatry · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
48 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIt is well known that suicidal rates vary considerably among European countries and the reasons for this are unknown, although several theories have been proposed. The effect of economic variables has been extensively studied but not that of climate.
methodsData from 29 European countries covering the years 2000-2012 and concerning male and female standardized suicidal rates (according to WHO), economic variables (according World Bank) and climate variables were gathered. The statistical analysis included cluster and principal component analysis and categorical regression.
resultsThe derived models explained 62.4 % of the variability of male suicidal rates. Economic variables alone explained 26.9 % and climate variables 37.6 %. For females, the respective figures were 41.7, 11.5 and 28.1 %. Male suicides correlated with high unemployment rate in the frame of high growth rate and high inflation and low GDP per capita, while female suicides correlated negatively with inflation. Both male and female suicides correlated with low temperature. DISCUSSION: The current study reports that the climatic effect (cold climate) is stronger than the economic one, but both are present. It seems that in Europe suicidality follows the climate/temperature cline which interestingly is not from south to north but from south to north-east. This raises concerns that climate change could lead to an increase in suicide rates. The current study is essentially the first successful attempt to explain the differences across countries in Europe; however, it is an observational analysis based on aggregate data and thus there is a lack of control for confounders.
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