ArticleSurgery2016
Rural risk: Geographic disparities in trauma mortality.
Article in Surgery, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Relationships between trauma death, disability, and geographic factors: a systematic review.Clinical and experimental emergency medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Management of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Approved by ACEP Board of Directors, February 1, 2023 Clinical Policy Endorsed by the Emergency Nurses Association (April 5, 2023).Annals of emergency medicine · 2023Guideline
- Rural-Urban Parity and Socioeconomic Gaps in Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Improving Trauma Stabilization Training for Rural Family Medicine Residents.Family medicine · 2026Article
- A nationwide comparison of epidemiologic characteristics and outcomes between intentional and unintentional severe external-cause injuries in Korea, 2016-2020.Injury epidemiology · 2026Article
- Trends in Unintentional Drowning Mortality Among U.S. Adults Aged ≥25 Years, 1999-2024: A U.S. Surveillance Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Nationwide analysis of minimally invasive surgical approach in patients with penetrating abdominal trauma.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Article
- A Twelve-Year Retrospective Analysis of a Journey Towards Rural Level I Trauma Center Verification.Open access emergency medicine : OAEM · 2026Article
- Strategies for improving rural trauma health systems.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2026Article
- Establishing a Consensus-Based Definition of Air Medical Transport Need for Rural Patients After Injury: Results from a Delphi Survey.Prehospital emergency care · 2026Article
- Evaluating Gulf Cooperation Council Trauma Care Infrastructure: A Scoping Review of Key Components and Gaps.World journal of surgery · 2025Article
- The association between remoteness of injury and in-hospital mortality for motor vehicle collision major trauma patients: evidence of survivor bias in an analysis of registry data.Injury epidemiology · 2025Article
- Where Do Organ Donors Come From in the United States? An Analysis of Urban and Rural Donation.Clinical transplantation · 2025Article
- Strategies and Recommendations to Improve Accessibility of Essential Surgery in Rural Settings in OECD Countries: A Scoping Review.World journal of surgery · 2025Article
- The differences in injury patterns and outcomes of thoracic trauma between rural and urban level two trauma centers in a single country.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2025Article
- Are the life-saving interventions really life-saving?Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2025Article
- Unveiling the economic value of equitable care for the traumatically injured: is it cost-effective to decrease trauma disparities?Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2025Review
- Investigation and validation of the TEG6s during rotary wing aeromedical flight.The journal of trauma and acute care surgery · 2024Article
- A retrospective observational study of vCare: a virtual emergency clinical advisory and transfer service in rural and remote Australia.BMC health services research · 2024Observational
- Taking action to achieve health equity and eliminate healthcare disparities within acute care surgery.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBarriers to trauma care for rural populations are well documented, but little is known about the magnitude of urban-rural disparities in injury mortality. This study sought to quantify differences in injury mortality comparing rural and nonrural residents with traumatic injuries.
methodsUsing data from the 2009-2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate odds of death after traumatic injury for rural residents compared with nonrural residents, while controlling for age, sex, injury type and severity, comorbidities, trauma designation, and Census region.
resultsRural residents were 14% more likely to die after traumatic injury compared with nonrural residents (P < .001). Increased odds of death for rural residents were observed at level I (odds ratio = 1.20, P < .001), level II (odds ratio = 1.34, P < .001), and level IV/nontrauma centers (odds ratio = 1.23, P < .001). The disparity was greatest for injuries occurring in the South and Midwest (odds ratio = 1.54, P < .001 and odds ratio = 2.06, P < .001, respectively) and for cases with an injury severity score <9 or unknown severity (odds ratio = 2.09, P < .001 and odds ratio = 1.31, P < .001, respectively).
conclusionRural residents are significantly more likely than nonrural residents to die after traumatic injury. This disparity varies by trauma center designation, injury severity, and US Census region. Distance and time to treatment likely play a role in rural injury outcomes, along with regional differences in prehospital care and trauma system organization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.