ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2016
Polymyxin: Alternative Mechanisms of Action and Resistance.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 252 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
252 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 436 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of colistin resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2022Pooled it
- Rapid profiling of polymyxin B susceptibility in Gram-negative bacteria with a novel polymyxin-derived fluorescent probe.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Adjuvant Effect of Meldrum's Acid Derivatives on Antibiotic Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Establishment of anmSystems · 2026Article
- Membrane Disruption and Charge Neutralization Drive Synergy Between LL37-Derived Peptides and Polymyxins AgainstBiomolecules · 2026Article
- Transposon-insertion sequencing reveals NlpD as a vulnerability in intracellular survival and pathogenesis of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Transposon insertion sequencing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa identifies multiple intersecting pathways essential for extreme colistin resistance.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Article
- Giving Antibiotics a Second Chance: Evolutionary Trade-Offs and Phage-Driven Restoration of Antibiotic Susceptibility.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Antibiotic resistance mechanisms and global resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in microbial keratitis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles promote membrane repair and tolerance to polymyxin B.Science advances · 2026Article
- Rapid Adaptive Evolution under Combination Therapy inACS infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Comparative Performance and Species-Specific Recovery Biases of Culture-Based Methods forVeterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Peptoid-based antimicrobial strategies against polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.Journal of applied microbiology · 2026Article
- Bacterial cell envelope-targeting antibiotics.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of polymyxin B-based combination therapy against carbapenem-resistantAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Lipopeptide Engineering: From Natural Origins to Rational Design Against Antimicrobial Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Differential membrane lipid disruption by lipopeptide antibiotics, colistin and turnercyclamycins.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Phage endolysins as alternative antimicrobials: mechanisms, clinical progress, and emerging resistance frameworks.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
192 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria is an ever-increasing issue worldwide. Unfortunately, very little has been achieved in the pharmaceutical industry to combat this problem. This has led researchers and the medical field to revisit past drugs that were deemed too toxic for clinical use. In particular, the cyclic cationic peptides polymyxin B and colistin, which are specific for Gram-negative bacteria, have been used as "last resort" antimicrobials. Before the 1980s, these drugs were known for their renal and neural toxicities; however, new clinical practices and possibly improved manufacturing have made them safer to use. Previously suggested to primarily attack the membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and to not easily select for resistant mutants, recent research exploring resistance and mechanisms of action has provided new perspectives. This review focuses primarily on the proposed alternative mechanisms of action, known resistance mechanisms, and how these support the alternative mechanisms of action.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.