ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2016
Salmonella Typhimurium utilizes a T6SS-mediated antibacterial weapon to establish in the host gut.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 227 papers.
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Who cites it
227 citing papers in PubMed, 334 citations in OpenAlex.
- From gut colonization to recurrence:Gut microbes · 2026Review
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- Pleiotropic roles of microbial bile acid metabolism in intestinal health and diseases.Cell host & microbe · 2026Review
- Microbiome ecology and antibiotic treatment failure: resistance spread, microbial competition and community engineering.Microbial genomics · 2026Review
- The Manipulation of Host Cells byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bacterial weaponry and the ecological factors of competitive success.Essays in biochemistry · 2026Review
- The M91 metallopeptidase domain of the T6SS effector protein SED_RS06335 encoded in Salmonella Dublin SPI-19 exhibits antibacterial activity.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- Type VI Secretion Systems inMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Divergent roles ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- The type VI secretion system and associated effector proteins.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Copper is an intestinal habitat filter affecting the gut microbiota interactions with Salmonella Typhimurium.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Systematic identification of Salmonella T6SS effectors uncovers diverse new families and lipid-targeting activities.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Type VI secretion system degeneration accelerates intestinal epithelial cell death in Escherichia coli O157:H7.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Effector conformational plasticity enables lineage-specific secretion via Hcp heterohexamers in gut symbionts.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Biophysical characterization of Eag chaperones suggests the mechanism of effector transmembrane domain release.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Evolutionary dynamics of type VI secretion systems in fruit fly-associatedFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- The SPI-6 T6SS gene cluster fromFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Type VI secretion systems at the interface between bacteria and eukaryotic cells.Genetics and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Tldi1 deficiency mediates Tlde1 self-toxic effect to regulate the adaptability ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- The SPI-20 and SPI-21 T6SS gene clusters fromFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
167 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a high-density polymicrobial community where bacteria compete for niches and resources. One key competition strategy includes cell contact-dependent mechanisms of interbacterial antagonism, such as the type VI secretion system (T6SS), a multiprotein needle-like apparatus that injects effector proteins into prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic target cells. However, the contribution of T6SS antibacterial activity during pathogen invasion of the gut has not been demonstrated. We report that successful establishment in the gut by the enteropathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium requires a T6SS encoded within Salmonella pathogenicity island-6 (SPI-6). In an in vitro setting, we demonstrate that bile salts increase SPI-6 antibacterial activity and that S Typhimurium kills commensal bacteria in a T6SS-dependent manner. Furthermore, we provide evidence that one of the two T6SS nanotube subunits, Hcp1, is required for killing Klebsiella oxytoca in vitro and that this activity is mediated by the specific interaction of Hcp1 with the antibacterial amidase Tae4. Finally, we show that K. oxytoca is killed in the host gut in an Hcp1-dependent manner and that the T6SS antibacterial activity is essential for Salmonella to establish infection within the host gut. Our findings provide an example of pathogen T6SS-dependent killing of commensal bacteria as a mechanism to successfully colonize the host gut.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.